Doppler Evaluation of Foetal Pulmonary Artery in Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy: A Prospective Study

Pulmonary artery Doppler parameters	CASES		CONTROL		P-VALUE
Pulmonary artery Doppler parameters	MEAN	SD	MEAN	SD	P-VALUE
Acceleration time (AT)	47.44	6.56	29.80	8.16	t=8.210
p<0.0001
Ejection time (ET)	158.06	20.13	172.62	26.24	t=2.148
p=0.0371
Ratio of Acceleration and Ejection time (PATET)	0.28	0.05	0.17	0.04	t=8.251
p=0.0001

Table 2.

Pulmonary artery Doppler parameters according to severity of ICP.

Mild	Moderate	Severe
AT	46.88 ± 7.63	47.52 ± 4.69	50.33 ± 4.03	F=5.238
p=0.0063
ET	160.79 ± 25.24	154.14 ± 9.78	171.33 ± 20.17	F=9.890
p<0.0001
PATET	0.28 ± 0.06	0.28 ± 0.04	0.26 ± 0.02	F=3.571
p=0.0306

Table 3:

Maternal Parameters.

IOL	CASES		CONTROL		p-VALUE
IOL	*NO^α [n=45]**	*YES^β [n=5]**	*NO^α [n=45]**	*YES^β [n=5]**	p-VALUE
AT	46.70±6.43	53.40±3.97	30.00±8.18	25.00±8.49	p<0.0001^*α
p<0.0001^*β
ET	157.20±20.17	166.20±17.21	173.31±26.47	156.00±15.56	p=0.0035^*α
p=0.0014^*β
PATET	0.28±0.05	0.28±0.04	0.17±0.04	0.16±0.04	p<0.0001^*α
p<0.0001^*β
Mode of Delivery	*NVD^α**	*LSCS^β**	*NVD^α**	*LSCS^β**	p-VALUE
AT	47.86±5.96	47.11±6.87	28.31±6.79	31.42±8.99	<0.0001^*α
<0.0001^*β
ET	157.20±15.5	158.68±2.76	174.65±29.16	170.42±21.81	0.0003^*α
0.0003^*β
PATET	0.27±0.05	0.28±0.06	0.17±0.05	0.18±0.04	<0.0001^*α
<0.0001^*β
MSL	*Yes^α**	*No^β**	*Yes^α**	*No^β**	p-VALUE
AT	48.93±7.61	48.51±5.62	31.56±7.21	29.41±8.20	<0.0001^*α
<0.0001^*β
ET	163.60±27.67	155.59±14.85	178.44±22.26	171.34±26.55	0.0039^*α
0.0004^*β
PATET	0.25±0.05	0.29±0.05	0.17±0.03	0.17±0.05	<0.0001^*α
<0.0001^*β
PROM	*Yes^α**	*No^β**	*Yes^α**	*No^β**	p-VALUE
AT	49.50±1.50	47.35±6.61	26.80±5.81	30.13±8.22	<0.0001^*α
<0.0001^*β
ET	138.50±6.50	158.88±19.88	175.20±21.30	172.33±26.4	<0.0001^*α
0.0049^*β
PATET	0.31±0.08	0.27±0.05	0.14±0.03	0.18±0.04	<0.0001^*α
<0.0001^*β

Graphical representations of ratio of AT and ET (PATET) as per gestational age (weeks) between cases and controls.

Table 4:

Incidence of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in neonates among cases and controls.

RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME	CASES		CONTROL		p-VALUE
RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME	N	%	N	%	p-VALUE
No	30	60.00%	41	82.00%	X=5.877
Yes	20	40.00%	9	18.00%	p=0.0153^*

Table 5:

Neonatal Parameters.

Birth Weight	CASES		CONTROL		p-VALUE
Birth Weight	*<2500gm^α**	*≥2500gm^β**	*<2500gm^α**	*≥2500gm^β**	p-VALUE
AT	48.86±5.05	47.21±6.67	27.89±6.71	30.22±8.29	<0.0001^*α
<0.0001^*β
ET	152.86±7.85	158.91±21.14	190.33±41.47	168.73±9.01	<0.0001α
0.0032β
PATET	0.28±0.05	0.28±0.05	0.15±0.03	0.18±0.04	<0.0001^*α
<0.0001^*β
Apgar Score (5 Min)	*4–7^α**	*8–10^β**	*4–7^α**	*8–10^β**	p-VALUE
AT	44.00±0.00	47.51±6.54	29.33±7.93	29.83±8.09	<0.0001^*α
<0.0001^*β
ET	152.00±0.00	158.18±20.11	178.00±14.24	172.28±26.51	<0.0001^*α
0.0035^*β
PATET	0.23±0.00	0.28±0.05	0.17±0.06	0.17±0.04	<0.0001^*α
<0.0001^*β
NICU ADMISSION	*Yes^α**	*No^β**	*Yes^α**	*No^β**	p-VALUE
AT	46.74±7.55	48.04±5.36	31.92±7.66	29.13±8.09	<0.0001^*α
<0.0001^*β
ET	165.35±24.16	151.85±12.44	174.50±24.31	172.03±26.46	0.0620^*α
<0.0001^*β
PATET	0.26±0.05	0.29±0.05	0.19±0.04	0.17±0.04	<0.0001^*α
<0.0001^*β
RDS	*Yes^α**	*No^β**	*Yes^α**	*No^β**	p-VALUE
AT	47.50±7.66	47.40±5.58	32.89±8.23	29.12±7.88	<0.0001^*α
<0.0001^*β
ET	161.85±13.13	155.53±23.05	182.11±22.56	170.54±26.21	<0.0001^*α
0.0030^*β
PATET	0.27±0.05	0.28±0.05	0.19±0.05	0.17±0.04	<0.0001^*α
<0.0001^*β

Correlation Matrix in ICP-affected pregnancies.

References

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Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.34763/jmotherandchild.20263001.d-26-00035 | Journal eISSN: 2719-535X | Journal ISSN: 2719-6488

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Language: English

Page range: 145 - 452

Submitted on: Aug 28, 2025

Accepted on: Apr 23, 2026

Published on: Jul 18, 2026

Published by: Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: Volume open

Keywords:

Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy,

Foetal pulmonary artery,

PATET,

Related subjects:

Pediatrics and juvenile medicine,

Paediatric haematology and oncology,

Public health

© 2026 Sana Fatima, Nidhi Gupta, Abhinav Jain, Aruna Nigam, Sumedha Sharma, published by Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 30 (2026): Issue 1 (January 2026)

Doppler Evaluation of Foetal Pulmonary Artery in Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy: A Prospective Study

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Table 1.

Table 2.

Table 3:

Figure 2.

Table 4:

Table 5:

Figure 3.

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