The Relationship between the Intrapartum Experience and the Risk of Postpartum Depression among Jordanian Women: A Cross-Sectional Study

Ayah Fraihat; Lina Abdelfattah; Leen Hajeer; Deema Noaman; Aya Alfaleh; Fida Thekrallah

doi:10.34763/jmotherandchild.20242801.d-24-00036

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The Relationship between the Intrapartum Experience and the Risk of Postpartum Depression among Jordanian Women: A Cross-Sectional Study

Journal of Mother and Child

Volume 28 (2024): Issue 1 (February 2024)

By: Ayah Fraihat , Lina Abdelfattah , Leen Hajeer , Deema Noaman , Aya Alfaleh and Fida Thekrallah

Open Access

|Dec 2024

Figures & Tables

The experience of pregnancy and childbirth.

Decision making and pressures in the delivery room.

Table 1.

Demographic and maternal pregnancy experience. (n = 214)

Item	Frequency (%)
Maternal age
Less than 18 years	4 (1.9)
18–25 years	62 (29.0)
25–35 years	111 (51.9)
More than 35 years	37 (17.2)
Education level
Primary	13 (6.1)
High school	57 (26.6)
Diploma	28 (13.1)
Bachelor	99 (46.3)
Higher grades	17 (7.9)
Family monthly income
Less than 400 JDs	58 (27.1)
400 – 1000 JDs	120 (56.1)
More than 1000 JDs	36 (16.8)
Job status
Employed	79 (36.9)
Not employed	135 (63.1)
Current pregnancy status
First pregnancy	89 (41.6)
Second or more	125 (58.4)
Place of birth
Jordan University Hospital (JUH)	167 (78.0)
Other hospitals	47 (22.0)
Type of current pregnancy
Vaginal delivery	111 (51.9)
Caesarean section	103 (48.1)
There was a need for an episiotomy during childbirth for those who done vaginal delivery
Yes	71 (64.0)
No	40 (36.0)
Bringing a companion into the delivery room was allowed
Yes	34 (15.9)
No	176 (82.2)
Did not ask	4 (1.9)
Encouragement and support were received from the supervising doctor, midwives, and medical staff
Yes	162 (75.7)
No	52 (24.3)
Satisfaction was felt with the care provided during the childbirth process
Yes	152 (71.0)
No	62 (29.0)
The financial crisis had been experienced recently
Yes	79 (36.9)
No	135 (63.1)
The pregnancy was planned
Yes	121 (56.5)
No	93 (43.5)
The pregnancy was desired
Yes	172 (80.4)
No	42 (19.6)
Health complications were experienced during pregnancy
Yes	71 (33.2)
No	143 (66.8)
Among individuals who disclosed experiencing health complications during pregnancy, there is a consideration of the potential impact of these health issues on the infant’s well-being
Yes	25 (35.2)
No	46 (64.8)
The child suffers from health problems (such as congenital deformities or genetic diseases)
Yes	39 (18.2)
No	175 (81.8)
Problems related to body image during pregnancy were experienced
Yes	78 (36.4)
No	136 (63.6)
Currently experiencing problems related to body image after childbirth
Yes	81 (37.9)
No	133 (62.1)
Thinking about the motherhood stage caused feelings of anxiety or doubt
Yes	127 (59.3)
No	87 (40.7)
The use of any type of addictive substances (drugs, alcohol, or others) was acknowledged
Yes	6 (2.8)
No	208 (97.2)

[i] JDs: Jordanian dinar.

Table 2.

Current mental health status and background. (n = 214)

Item	Frequency (%)
Diagnosis of depression by a specialist doctor has been experienced
Yes	19 (8.9)
No	195 (91.1)
Consultation with a specialist in the field of mental health has taken place
Yes	23 (10.7)
No	191 (89.3)
The reason for the consultation is explored among those who consulted specialist before
Depression	15 (65.2)
Anxiety	3 (13.0)
Seeking help	2 (8.7)
No specific reasons	3 (13.0)
There is someone in the family suffering from mental illnesses
Yes	12 (5.6)
No	202 (94.4)
The specific illness is identified in the family among those who had positive family history
OCD	4 (33.3)
Bipolar	3 (25.0)
PTSD	1 (8.3)
Depression	2 (16.7)
Can not recall	2 (16.7)
Recent situations have been experienced that increased stress
Yes	108 (50.5)
No	106 (49.5)
Recent problems have been faced in the relationship with a spouse or family members
Yes	74 (34.6)
No	140 (65.4)
Lack of emotional support from family and friends during pregnancy was felt
Yes	49 (22.9)
No	165 (77.1)
There is a sense of insufficient psychological support from family and friends after childbirth
Yes	57 (26.6)
No	157 (73.4)

[i] OCD: Obsessive-compulsive disorder, PTSD: Post-traumatic stress disorder.

Table 3.

Association between the EPDS score and maternal demographics, pregnancy experiences, and mental health status

Item	Mean ± SD	P – value
Maternal age^A		0.028
Less than 18 years	18.75 ± 2.22
18–25 years	15.23 ± 6.05
25–35 years	14.09 ± 6.28
More than 35 years	12.05 ± 6.91
Education level^A		0.463
Primary	15.85 ± 5.60
High school	13.68 ± 6.33
Diploma	15.64 ± 6.73
Bachelor	13.91 ± 6.41
Higher grades	13.41 ± 6.25
Family monthly income^A		0.538
Less than 400 JDs	14.29 ± 7.07
400 – 1000 JDs	14.36 ± 5.91
More than 1000 JDs	13.25 ± 6.69
Job status^B		0.372
Employed	14.61 ± 6.42
Not employed	13.89 ± 6.34
Current pregnancy status^B		0.132
First pregnancy	14.78 ± 6.22
Second or more	13.71 ± 6.45
Place of birth^B		0.435
Jordan University Hospital	14.01 ± 6.49
Other hospitals	14.66 ± 5.92
Type of current pregnancy^B		0.008
Vaginal delivery	15.12 ± 6.20
Caesarean section	13.12 ± 6.40
There was a need for an episiotomy during childbirth for those who did vaginal delivery^B		0.023
Yes	15.92 ± 6.67
No	13.70 ± 5.04
Bringing a companion into the delivery room was allowed^B		0.352
Yes	14.85 ± 6.07
No	13.90 ± 6.42
Encouragement and support were received from the supervising doctor, midwives, and medical staff^B		<0.001
Yes	13.21 ± 6.30
No	17.10 ± 5.67
Satisfaction was felt with the care provided during the childbirth process^B		< 0.001
Yes	12.98 ± 6.29
No	17.03 ± 5.61
The financial crisis was experienced recently^B		< 0.001
Yes	16.08 ± 5.84
No	13.03 ± 6.41
The pregnancy was planned^B		0.140
Yes	13.55 ±6.53
No	14.94 ± 6.08
The pregnancy was desired^B		0.101
Yes	13.83 ± 6.47
No	15.48 ± 5.79
Health complications were experienced during pregnancy^B		0.054
Yes	15.38 ± 5.79
No	13.55 ± 6.56
Among individuals who disclosed experiencing health complications during pregnancy, there is a consideration of the potential impact of these health issues on the infant’s well-being^B		0.382
Yes	16.32 ± 4.77
No	14.87 ± 6.27
The child suffers from health problems (such as congenital deformities or genetic diseases)^B		0.134
Yes	15.72 ± 5.34
No	13.81 ± 6.53
Problems related to body image during pregnancy were experienced^B		0.008
Yes	15.74 ± 6.23
No	13.24 ± 6.28
Currently experiencing problems related to body image after childbirth^B		0.001
Yes	16.11 ± 6.30
No	12.96 ± 6.12
Thinking about the motherhood stage causes feelings of anxiety or doubt^B		< 0.001
Yes	15.88 ± 6.04
No	11.63 ± 5.99
The use of any type of addictive substances (drugs, alcohol, or others) is acknowledged^B		0.053
Yes	18.67 ± 3.88
No	14.02 ± 6.38
Diagnosis of depression by a specialist doctor has been experienced^B		0.163
Yes	15.89 ± 7.02
No	13.98 ± 6.29
Consultation with a specialist in the field of mental health has taken place^B		0.037
Yes	16.61 ± 6.30
No	13.86 ± 6.32
The reason for the consultation is explored among those who consulted specialist before^A		0.973
Depression	16.53 ± 7.29
Anxiety	15.67 ± 6.43
Seeking help	17.50 ± 4.95
No specific reasons	17.33 ± 2.89
There is someone in the family suffering from mental illnesses^B		0.327
Yes	15.83 ± 5.56
No	14.05 ± 6.41
The specific illness is identified in the family among those who had positive family history^A		0.760
OCD	15.00 ± 5.42
Bipolar	16.33 ± 5.69
PTSD	18.00 ± 0.00
Depression	19.50 ± 4.95
Recent situations have been experienced that increased stress^B		< 0.001
Yes	16.19 ± 5.29
No	12.08 ± 6.71
Recent problems have been faced in the relationship with a spouse or family members^B		< 0.001
Yes	16.85 ± 5.22
No	12.73 ± 6.47
Lack of emotional support from family and friends during pregnancy was felt^B		< 0.001
Yes	17.49 ± 5.97
No	13.16 ± 6.15
There is a sense of insufficient psychological support from family and friends after childbirth^B		< 0.001
Yes	17.00 ± 6.53
No	13.12 ± 6.00

JDs: Jordanian dinar, OCD: Obsessive-compulsive disorder, PTSD: Post-traumatic stress disorder, and SD: standard deviation.

A: Kruskal–Wallis test,

B: Mann–Whitney U test.

References

Authors

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Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.34763/jmotherandchild.20242801.d-24-00036 | Journal eISSN: 2719-535X | Journal ISSN: 2719-6488

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Language: English

Page range: 102 - 112

Submitted on: Aug 28, 2024

Accepted on: Oct 17, 2024

Published on: Dec 15, 2024

Published by: Institute of Mother and Child

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

Keywords:

Childbirth,

Edinburgh postnatal depression scale,

postpartum depression

Related subjects:

Medicine,

Clinical medicine,

Pediatrics and juvenile medicine,

Paediatric haematology and oncology,

Public health

© 2024 Ayah Fraihat, Lina Abdelfattah, Leen Hajeer, Deema Noaman, Aya Alfaleh, Fida Thekrallah, published by Institute of Mother and Child
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 28 (2024): Issue 1 (February 2024)

The Relationship between the Intrapartum Experience and the Risk of Postpartum Depression among Jordanian Women: A Cross-Sectional Study

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Table 1.

Table 2.

Figure 4.

Table 3.

Paradigm

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