Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Demographic and maternal pregnancy experience_ (n = 214)
| Item | Frequency (%) |
|---|---|
| Maternal age | |
| Less than 18 years | 4 (1.9) |
| 18–25 years | 62 (29.0) |
| 25–35 years | 111 (51.9) |
| More than 35 years | 37 (17.2) |
| Education level | |
| Primary | 13 (6.1) |
| High school | 57 (26.6) |
| Diploma | 28 (13.1) |
| Bachelor | 99 (46.3) |
| Higher grades | 17 (7.9) |
| Family monthly income | |
| Less than 400 JDs | 58 (27.1) |
| 400 – 1000 JDs | 120 (56.1) |
| More than 1000 JDs | 36 (16.8) |
| Job status | |
| Employed | 79 (36.9) |
| Not employed | 135 (63.1) |
| Current pregnancy status | |
| First pregnancy | 89 (41.6) |
| Second or more | 125 (58.4) |
| Place of birth | |
| Jordan University Hospital (JUH) | 167 (78.0) |
| Other hospitals | 47 (22.0) |
| Type of current pregnancy | |
| Vaginal delivery | 111 (51.9) |
| Caesarean section | 103 (48.1) |
| There was a need for an episiotomy during childbirth for those who done vaginal delivery | |
| Yes | 71 (64.0) |
| No | 40 (36.0) |
| Bringing a companion into the delivery room was allowed | |
| Yes | 34 (15.9) |
| No | 176 (82.2) |
| Did not ask | 4 (1.9) |
| Encouragement and support were received from the supervising doctor, midwives, and medical staff | |
| Yes | 162 (75.7) |
| No | 52 (24.3) |
| Satisfaction was felt with the care provided during the childbirth process | |
| Yes | 152 (71.0) |
| No | 62 (29.0) |
| The financial crisis had been experienced recently | |
| Yes | 79 (36.9) |
| No | 135 (63.1) |
| The pregnancy was planned | |
| Yes | 121 (56.5) |
| No | 93 (43.5) |
| The pregnancy was desired | |
| Yes | 172 (80.4) |
| No | 42 (19.6) |
| Health complications were experienced during pregnancy | |
| Yes | 71 (33.2) |
| No | 143 (66.8) |
| Among individuals who disclosed experiencing health complications during pregnancy, there is a consideration of the potential impact of these health issues on the infant’s well-being | |
| Yes | 25 (35.2) |
| No | 46 (64.8) |
| The child suffers from health problems (such as congenital deformities or genetic diseases) | |
| Yes | 39 (18.2) |
| No | 175 (81.8) |
| Problems related to body image during pregnancy were experienced | |
| Yes | 78 (36.4) |
| No | 136 (63.6) |
| Currently experiencing problems related to body image after childbirth | |
| Yes | 81 (37.9) |
| No | 133 (62.1) |
| Thinking about the motherhood stage caused feelings of anxiety or doubt | |
| Yes | 127 (59.3) |
| No | 87 (40.7) |
| The use of any type of addictive substances (drugs, alcohol, or others) was acknowledged | |
| Yes | 6 (2.8) |
| No | 208 (97.2) |
Current mental health status and background_ (n = 214)
| Item | Frequency (%) |
|---|---|
| Diagnosis of depression by a specialist doctor has been experienced | |
| Yes | 19 (8.9) |
| No | 195 (91.1) |
| Consultation with a specialist in the field of mental health has taken place | |
| Yes | 23 (10.7) |
| No | 191 (89.3) |
| The reason for the consultation is explored among those who consulted specialist before | |
| Depression | 15 (65.2) |
| Anxiety | 3 (13.0) |
| Seeking help | 2 (8.7) |
| No specific reasons | 3 (13.0) |
| There is someone in the family suffering from mental illnesses | |
| Yes | 12 (5.6) |
| No | 202 (94.4) |
| The specific illness is identified in the family among those who had positive family history | |
| OCD | 4 (33.3) |
| Bipolar | 3 (25.0) |
| PTSD | 1 (8.3) |
| Depression | 2 (16.7) |
| Can not recall | 2 (16.7) |
| Recent situations have been experienced that increased stress | |
| Yes | 108 (50.5) |
| No | 106 (49.5) |
| Recent problems have been faced in the relationship with a spouse or family members | |
| Yes | 74 (34.6) |
| No | 140 (65.4) |
| Lack of emotional support from family and friends during pregnancy was felt | |
| Yes | 49 (22.9) |
| No | 165 (77.1) |
| There is a sense of insufficient psychological support from family and friends after childbirth | |
| Yes | 57 (26.6) |
| No | 157 (73.4) |
Association between the EPDS score and maternal demographics, pregnancy experiences, and mental health status
| Item | Mean ± SD | P – value |
|---|---|---|
| Maternal ageA | 0.028 | |
| Less than 18 years | 18.75 ± 2.22 | |
| 18–25 years | 15.23 ± 6.05 | |
| 25–35 years | 14.09 ± 6.28 | |
| More than 35 years | 12.05 ± 6.91 | |
| Education levelA | 0.463 | |
| Primary | 15.85 ± 5.60 | |
| High school | 13.68 ± 6.33 | |
| Diploma | 15.64 ± 6.73 | |
| Bachelor | 13.91 ± 6.41 | |
| Higher grades | 13.41 ± 6.25 | |
| Family monthly incomeA | 0.538 | |
| Less than 400 JDs | 14.29 ± 7.07 | |
| 400 – 1000 JDs | 14.36 ± 5.91 | |
| More than 1000 JDs | 13.25 ± 6.69 | |
| Job statusB | 0.372 | |
| Employed | 14.61 ± 6.42 | |
| Not employed | 13.89 ± 6.34 | |
| Current pregnancy statusB | 0.132 | |
| First pregnancy | 14.78 ± 6.22 | |
| Second or more | 13.71 ± 6.45 | |
| Place of birthB | 0.435 | |
| Jordan University Hospital | 14.01 ± 6.49 | |
| Other hospitals | 14.66 ± 5.92 | |
| Type of current pregnancyB | 0.008 | |
| Vaginal delivery | 15.12 ± 6.20 | |
| Caesarean section | 13.12 ± 6.40 | |
| There was a need for an episiotomy during childbirth for those who did vaginal deliveryB | 0.023 | |
| Yes | 15.92 ± 6.67 | |
| No | 13.70 ± 5.04 | |
| Bringing a companion into the delivery room was allowedB | 0.352 | |
| Yes | 14.85 ± 6.07 | |
| No | 13.90 ± 6.42 | |
| Encouragement and support were received from the supervising doctor, midwives, and medical staffB | <0.001 | |
| Yes | 13.21 ± 6.30 | |
| No | 17.10 ± 5.67 | |
| Satisfaction was felt with the care provided during the childbirth processB | < 0.001 | |
| Yes | 12.98 ± 6.29 | |
| No | 17.03 ± 5.61 | |
| The financial crisis was experienced recentlyB | < 0.001 | |
| Yes | 16.08 ± 5.84 | |
| No | 13.03 ± 6.41 | |
| The pregnancy was plannedB | 0.140 | |
| Yes | 13.55 ±6.53 | |
| No | 14.94 ± 6.08 | |
| The pregnancy was desiredB | 0.101 | |
| Yes | 13.83 ± 6.47 | |
| No | 15.48 ± 5.79 | |
| Health complications were experienced during pregnancyB | 0.054 | |
| Yes | 15.38 ± 5.79 | |
| No | 13.55 ± 6.56 | |
| Among individuals who disclosed experiencing health complications during pregnancy, there is a consideration of the potential impact of these health issues on the infant’s well-beingB | 0.382 | |
| Yes | 16.32 ± 4.77 | |
| No | 14.87 ± 6.27 | |
| The child suffers from health problems (such as congenital deformities or genetic diseases)B | 0.134 | |
| Yes | 15.72 ± 5.34 | |
| No | 13.81 ± 6.53 | |
| Problems related to body image during pregnancy were experiencedB | 0.008 | |
| Yes | 15.74 ± 6.23 | |
| No | 13.24 ± 6.28 | |
| Currently experiencing problems related to body image after childbirthB | 0.001 | |
| Yes | 16.11 ± 6.30 | |
| No | 12.96 ± 6.12 | |
| Thinking about the motherhood stage causes feelings of anxiety or doubtB | < 0.001 | |
| Yes | 15.88 ± 6.04 | |
| No | 11.63 ± 5.99 | |
| The use of any type of addictive substances (drugs, alcohol, or others) is acknowledgedB | 0.053 | |
| Yes | 18.67 ± 3.88 | |
| No | 14.02 ± 6.38 | |
| Diagnosis of depression by a specialist doctor has been experiencedB | 0.163 | |
| Yes | 15.89 ± 7.02 | |
| No | 13.98 ± 6.29 | |
| Consultation with a specialist in the field of mental health has taken placeB | 0.037 | |
| Yes | 16.61 ± 6.30 | |
| No | 13.86 ± 6.32 | |
| The reason for the consultation is explored among those who consulted specialist beforeA | 0.973 | |
| Depression | 16.53 ± 7.29 | |
| Anxiety | 15.67 ± 6.43 | |
| Seeking help | 17.50 ± 4.95 | |
| No specific reasons | 17.33 ± 2.89 | |
| There is someone in the family suffering from mental illnessesB | 0.327 | |
| Yes | 15.83 ± 5.56 | |
| No | 14.05 ± 6.41 | |
| The specific illness is identified in the family among those who had positive family historyA | 0.760 | |
| OCD | 15.00 ± 5.42 | |
| Bipolar | 16.33 ± 5.69 | |
| PTSD | 18.00 ± 0.00 | |
| Depression | 19.50 ± 4.95 | |
| Recent situations have been experienced that increased stressB | < 0.001 | |
| Yes | 16.19 ± 5.29 | |
| No | 12.08 ± 6.71 | |
| Recent problems have been faced in the relationship with a spouse or family membersB | < 0.001 | |
| Yes | 16.85 ± 5.22 | |
| No | 12.73 ± 6.47 | |
| Lack of emotional support from family and friends during pregnancy was feltB | < 0.001 | |
| Yes | 17.49 ± 5.97 | |
| No | 13.16 ± 6.15 | |
| There is a sense of insufficient psychological support from family and friends after childbirthB | < 0.001 | |
| Yes | 17.00 ± 6.53 | |
| No | 13.12 ± 6.00 |