Impact of Early Exposure to Play Materials on Motor Development in High-Risk Infants: A Randomised Controlled Trial

Gadre, Mrunmayi S; Deshpande, Vinuta R

doi:10.34763/jmotherandchild.20232701.d-22-00025

Figures & Tables

CONSORT flow diagram of progress through the phases of randomization in both groups.

Comparison of pre- and post-test raw, standard, and quotient scores of PDMS-2 within both groups

Group	PDMS-2 Subtest	Paired Differences				t	df	p-value

		Mean	S.D.	95% Confidence Interval of the Difference
Experimental	Reflex (Raw Score)	−1.83	1.51	−2.58	−1.09	−5.169	17	< 0.001^*
	Reflex (Standard Score)	−0.44	0.98	−0.93	0.05	−1.917	17	0.072
	Stationary (Raw Score)	−3.94	1.59	−4.74	−3.15	−10.529	17	< 0.001^*
	Stationary (Standard Score)	−1.89	2.78	−3.27	−0.50	−2.878	17	0.010^*
	Locomotion (Raw Score)	−5.72	4.28	−7.85	−3.59	−5.67	17	< 0.001^*
	Locomotion (Standard Score)	−1.06	1.31	−1.70	−0.41	−3.432	17	0.003^*
	Grasping (Raw Score)	−5.39	4.88	−7.81	−2.96	−4.688	17	< 0.001^*
	Grasping (Standard Score)	−0.78	1.00	−1.28	−0.28	−3.289	17	0.004^*
	Visual Motor Integration (Raw Score)	−5.44	4.59	−7.73	−3.16	−5.03	17	< 0.001^*
	Visual Motor Integration (Standard Score)	−0.89	0.83	−1.30	−0.48	−4.531	17	< 0.001^*
	GMQ	−2.89	1.68	−3.72	−2.06	−7.311	17	< 0.001^*
	FMQ	−2.11	1.57	−2.89	−1.33	−5.713	17	< 0.001^*
	TMQ	−4.39	2.87	−5.82	−2.96	−6.482	17	< 0.001^*
Control	Reflex (Raw Score)	−1.06	0.97	−1.56	−0.56	−4.518	16	< 0.001^*
	Reflex (Standard Score)	−0.71	1.36	−1.40	−0.01	−2.142	16	0.048^*
	Stationary (Raw Score)	−2.24	1.95	−3.24	−1.23	−4.718	16	< 0.001^*
	Stationary (Standard Score)	−0.18	0.64	−0.50	0.15	−1.144	16	0.269
	Locomotion (Raw Score)	−5.06	2.36	−6.27	−3.85	−8.847	16	< 0.001^*
	Locomotion (Standard Score)	−0.71	0.92	−1.18	−0.23	−3.165	16	0.006^*
	Grasping (Raw Score)	−5.65	2.98	−7.18	−4.12	−7.819	16	< 0.001^*
	Grasping (Standard Score)	−0.65	0.86	−1.09	−0.20	−3.096	16	0.007^*
	Visual Motor Integration (Raw Score)	−4.88	2.91	−6.38	−3.39	−6.911	16	< 0.001^*
	Visual Motor Integration (Standard Score)	−0.29	0.59	−0.60	0.01	−2.063	16	0.056
	GMQ	−1.71	1.11	−2.27	−1.14	−6.366	16	< 0.001^*
	FMQ	−1.18	1.07	−1.73	−0.62	−4.515	16	< 0.001^*
	TMQ	−3.19	2.04	−4.28	−2.10	−6.249	15	< 0.001^*

Between-groups comparison of pre- and post-test raw, standard and quotient scores of PDMS-2

Variable	Group	Pre				Post

		Mean	S.D.	“t”	p value	Mean	S.D.	“t”	p value
Reflex (Raw Score)	Experimental	11.11	1.37	1.033	0.309	12.94	1.11	3.294	0.002^*
Reflex (Raw Score)	Control	10.72	0.83	1.033	0.309	11.82	0.88	3.294	0.002^*
Reflex (Standard Score)	Experimental	11.11	0.90	0.652	0.519	11.56	0.51	0.151	0.881
Reflex (Standard Score)	Control	10.89	1.13	0.652	0.519	11.53	0.51	0.151	0.881
Stationary (Raw Score)	Experimental	10.44	2.46	1.31	0.199	14.39	1.98	4.263	< 0.001^*
Stationary (Raw Score)	Control	9.56	1.50	1.31	0.199	11.76	1.64	4.263	< 0.001^*
Stationary (Standard Score)	Experimental	5.39	0.70	0.699	0.489	7.28	3.01	2.573	0.015^*
Stationary (Standard Score)	Control	5.22	0.73	0.699	0.489	5.35	0.70	2.573	0.015^*
Locomotion (Raw Score)	Experimental	8.56	3.07	−0.61	0.546	14.28	2.47	0.46	0.649
Locomotion (Raw Score)	Control	9.06	1.63	−0.61	0.546	13.94	1.78	0.46	0.649
Locomotion (Standard Score)	Experimental	5.83	0.86	−0.183	0.856	6.89	0.83	1.674	0.104
Locomotion (Standard Score)	Control	5.89	0.96	−0.183	0.856	6.47	0.62	1.674	0.104
Grasping (Raw Score)	Experimental	9.28	3.06	0	1	14.67	2.64	−0.195	0.846
Grasping (Raw Score)	Control	9.28	1.67	0	1	14.82	2.07	−0.195	0.846
Grasping (Standard Score)	Experimental	6.33	0.49	−0.277	0.783	7.11	0.90	0.404	0.689
Grasping (Standard Score)	Control	6.39	0.70	−0.277	0.783	7.00	0.71	0.404	0.689
Visual Motor Integration (Raw Score)	Experimental	9.00	3.99	−0.454	0.652	14.44	2.23	0.303	0.764
Visual Motor Integration (Raw Score)	Control	9.50	2.43	−0.454	0.652	14.24	1.82	0.303	0.764
Visual Motor Integration (Standard Score)	Experimental	5.94	0.73	−1.06	0.297	6.83	0.79	1.577	0.124
Visual Motor Integration (Standard Score)	Control	6.17	0.51	−1.06	0.297	6.41	0.80	1.577	0.124
GMQ	Experimental	22.56	1.46	0.896	0.377	25.44	1.85	3.275	0.002^*
GMQ	Control	22.06	1.86	0.896	0.377	23.53	1.59	3.275	0.002^*
FMQ	Experimental	12.22	1.06	−1.007	0.321	14.33	1.65	1.288	0.207
FMQ	Control	12.56	0.92	−1.007	0.321	13.65	1.50	1.288	0.207
TMQ	Experimental	34.61	2.73	0.063	0.95	39.00	2.89	1.668	0.105
TMQ	Control	34.56	2.55	0.063	0.95	37.44	2.53	1.668	0.105

Demographic characteristics of study participants for descriptive and categorical variables

Variable	Categories	Frequency %	Mean ± SD
Birth weight (Kg)	-	-	2.22 ± 0.54
Gestational age (Weeks)	-	-	33.89 ± 1.39
Chronological age (Months)	-	-	7.14 ± 0.83
Corrected age (Months)	-	-	5.33 ± 0.48

Impact of Early Exposure to Play Materials on Motor Development in High-Risk Infants: A Randomised Controlled Trial

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Comparison of pre- and post-test raw, standard, and quotient scores of PDMS-2 within both groups

Between-groups comparison of pre- and post-test raw, standard and quotient scores of PDMS-2

Demographic characteristics of study participants for descriptive and categorical variables

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