The maternal age, medical disorders, HbA1c, daily insulin dose, and the obstetrics outcome of the studied women with GDM
| Variables | Studied population Number 151 |
|---|---|
| Maternal characteristics | |
| Age (years) | 26.9 ± 3.28 |
| History of hypertension | 11.9% (18/151) |
| Family history of diabetes | 63.6% (96/151) |
| HbA1c (g%) | 5.57 ± 0.91 |
| Daily insulin dose | 25.7 ± 19.03 |
| Obstetrics Outcome | |
| Past history of Miscarriage | 73.5% (111/151) |
| Cesarean section (CS) | 30.5% (46/151) |
| Gestational age at delivery (weeks) | 37.8 ± 0.6 |
| Birth weight (kg) | 3.26 ± 0.2 |
The fetal anomalies (FAs) recorded in studied women with GDM
| Fetal anomalies (FAs) | Number and (%) |
|---|---|
| Cardiovascular system (TGA, VSD, ASD) | (4/151) 2.6% |
| Musculoskeletal system (caudal dysgenesis and limb reduction) | (2/151) 1.3% |
| Urogenital anomalies (renal agenesis and hydronephrosis) | (2/151) 1.3% |
| Gastrointestinal system (pyloric stenosis and duodenal atresia) | (2/151) 13% |
| Facial anomalies (cleft lip and palate) | (1/151) 0.7% |
| Central nervous system (ONTD (spina bifida)) | (1/151) 0.7% |
| Multiple FA anomalies | (1/151) 0.7% |
| Total | (13/150) 8.6% |
The RR and OR of FAs in relation to the pre-conceptional blood sugar and HbA1c
| Studied women with GDM (N = 151) | FAs group Exposed group (N = 13) | Non-FAs group Controls (N = 138) | RR (95%CI) P-value | OR (95%CI) P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-conceptional blood sugar | 2.2 | 17.05 | ||
| Controlled (N = 82) | 1 | 81 | (1.7-2.9) | (2.2-134.9) |
| Uncontrolled (N = 69) | 12 | 57 | <0.001* | 0.007* |
| HbA1c in first trimester | 2.8 | 24.8 | ||
| <6.5 (N = 94) | 1 | 93 | (2.1 – 3.8) | (3.1-196.7) |
| ≥6.5 (N = 57) | 12 | 45 | <0.001* | 0.002* |