Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Association of lower vitamin a levels in neonates and their mothers with increased risk of neonatal late-onset sepsis: A case-control study Cover

Association of lower vitamin a levels in neonates and their mothers with increased risk of neonatal late-onset sepsis: A case-control study

Open Access
|Feb 2023

Figures & Tables

Evaluation of neonatal and maternal factors based on vitamin A status among the septic and non-septic neonates_

Variable Total neonatal Vitamin AP-value* totalVitamin A in septic groupVitamin A in non-septic groupP-value* of average, group
μg/dl Average μg/dlDeficiency; n = 19Normal; n = 1Average μg/dlDeficiency; n = 5Normal; n = 15
GenderFemale17.8 ± 10.4 μg/dl0.42813.7 ± 3.6 μg/dl13 (92.9)1 (7.1)29.5 ± 14.5 μg/dl0 (0)5 (100)0.002. 0.001
Male20.2 ± 8.5 μg/dl 13.1 ± 2.7 μg/dl6 (100)0 (0)23.1 ± 8.4 μg/dl5 (33.3)10 (66.7)0.003, 0.012
APGAR score6 – 714.9 ± 3.6 μg/dl0.24514.1 ± 3.3 μg/dl5 (100)0 (0)19.2 μg/dl1 (100)0 (0)0.143, -
8 – 919.8 ± 9.9 μg/dl 13.3 ± 3.4 μg/dl14 (93.3)1 (6.7)25.0 ± 10.4 μg/dl4 (21.1)15 (78.9)<0.001, <0.001
Gestational ageTerm17.4 ± 7.9 μg/dl0.10413.5 ± 3.5 μg/dl14 (93.3)1 (6.7)22.3 ± 9.1 μg/dl8 (66.7)4 (33.3)0.001, 0.003
Preterm22.6 ± 11.6 μg/dl 13.5 ± 3.0 μg/dl5 (100)0 (0)28.2 ± 11.4 μg/dl1 (12.5)7 (87.5)0.003, 0.005
FeedingFormula15.7 ± 4.9 μg/dl0.26613.2 ± 2.7 μg/dl5 (100)0 (0)22.0 ± 2.5 μg/dl0 (0)2 (100)0.053, 0.048
Breast feeding18.1 ± 8.6 μg/dl 13.2 ± 3.5 μg/dl9 (100)0 (0)22.1 ± 9.5 μg/dl4 (36.4)7 (63.6)0.004, 0.005
Both22.4 ± 11.8 μg/dl 14.2 ± 4.0 μg/dl5 (83.3)1 (16.7)29.4 ± 11.8 μg/dl1 (14.3)6 (85.7)0.004, 0.029
Mother vitamin A< 3014.5 ± 4.6 μg/dl0.02212.9 ± 3.2 μg/dl11 (100)0 (0)20.5 ± 4.3 μg/dl1 (33.3)2 (66.7)0.035, 0.033
status≥ 3021.5 ± 10.4 μg/dl 14.2 ± 3.4 μg/dl8 (88.9)1 (11.1)25.4 ± 10.9 μg/dl4 (23.5)13 (76.5)0.001, 0.003
Neonatal birth weight< 250021.8 ± 11.5 μg/dl0.21112.0 ± 2.4 μg/dl3 (27.3)8 (72.7)26.1 ± 11.3 μg/dl2 (22.2)7 (77.8)0.005, 0.021
≥ 250017.8 μg/± dl 8.1 13.9 μg/± dl 3.515 (93.8)1 (6.3)23.5 μg/± dl 9.74 (100)0 (0)0.002, 0.001

Comparison of demographic and clinical features of neonates and their mothers among the septic and non-septic group

VariableTotal; N = 40Sepsis; n = 20Non-septic; n = 20P-value*
Neonate age (days); mean±SD (range)4.7 ± 1.3 (3 – 7)4.9 ± 1.3 (3 – 7)4.5 ± 1.3 (3 – 7)0.397
Mother age (years); mean±SD (range)28.2 ± 4.5 (19 – 36)27.9 ± 4.6 (19 – 34)28.6 ± 4.3 (21 – 36)0.625
Birth weightAverage; mean±SD (range)2717.0 ± 449.8 (1980 – 3600)2850.0 ± 417.5 (2150 – 3600)2584.0 ± 451.5 (1980 – 3600)0.061
(grams)<2500; n (%)13 (32.5)4 (20.0)9 (45.0)
≥ 2500; n (%)27 (67.5)16 (80.0)11 (55.0)0.091
Male21 (52.5)6 (30.0)15 (75)
Gender; n (%)Female19 (47.5)14 (70.0)5 (25.0)0.004
Average mean±SD (years); (range)37.1 ± 1.2 (35 – 39)37.4 ± 1.0 (35.4 – 39.0)36.9 ± 1.3 (35 – 39)0.205
Gestational ageTerm; n (%)27 (67.5)15 (75.0)12 (60.0)
Preterm; n (%)13 (32.5)5 (25.0)8 (40.0)0.311
Cause ofPreterm labor pain8 (20.0)0 (0)8 (40.0)
Prematurity;PROM4 (10.0)4 (20.0)0 (0)0.001
n (%)Preeclampsia1 (2.5)1 (5.0)0 (0)
Average; (range) mean±SD8.4 ± 0.8 (6 – 9)8.15 ± 0.9 (6 – 9)8.6 ± 0.6 (7 – 9)0.116
APGAR6 – 7; n (%)6 (15.0)5 (25.0)1 (5.0)
8 – 9; n (%)34 (85.0)15 (75.0)19 (95.0)0.077
Admission cause;Icterus20 (50.0)0 (0)20 (100)<0.001
n (%)Sepsis10 (25.0)10 (50.0)0 (0)
Formula7 (17.5)5 (25.0)2 (10.0)
Feeding; n (%)Breast feeding20 (50.0)9 (45.0)11 (55.0)0.458
Both13 (32.5)6 (30.0)7 (35.0)
Delivery; n (%)C/Section38 (95.0)18 (90.0)20 (100)0.487
NVD2 (5.0)2 (10.0)0 (0)
WBC count (103/μL) 19.9 ± 7.1 (7.3 – 31.6)25.9 ± 3.5 (18.0 – 31.6)13.9 ± 3.9 (7.3 – 20.0)<0.001
Neutrophil count (103/μL)9.9 ± 5.5 (3.5 – 20.0)14.4 ± 3.9 (7.3 – 20.0)5.4 ± 2.1 (3.5 – 12.0)<0.001
Platelet count (103/μL)293.5 ± 122.5 (127.0 – 623)262.2 ± 112.6 (127.0 – 623.0)324.7 ± 126.9 (163.0 – 556.0)0.108
CRP (mg/L) 8.7 ± 14.1 (1 – 87)15.5 ± 17.5 (5.0 – 87.0)1.9 ± 1.3 (1 – 5)0.001
Neonates’ VitaminAverage; (range) mean±SD μg/dl19.1 ± 9.4 μg/dl13.5 ± 3.3 (9.5 – 21.0) μg/dl24.7 ± 10.2 (11.6 – 54.9) μg/dl<0.001
A statusDeficiency; < 30; n (%)24 (60.0)19 (95.0)5 (25.0)<0.001
Normal; n ≥ 30 (%)16 (40.0)1 (5.0)15 (75.0)
Average; (range) mean±SD38.4 ± 16.530.3 ± 11.4 (15.0 – 50.0) μg/dl46.5 ± 17.0 (21.0 – 98.4) μg/dl0.001
Mother vitamin Aμg/dlμg/dl
< 30; n (%)14 (35.0)11 (55.0)3 (15.0)
≥ 30; n (%)26 (65.0)9 (45.0)17 (85.0)0.008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.34763/jmotherandchild.20222601.d-22-00023 | Journal eISSN: 2719-535X | Journal ISSN: 2719-6488
Language: English
Page range: 78 - 86
Submitted on: May 19, 2022
Accepted on: Dec 2, 2022
Published on: Feb 22, 2023
Published by: Institute of Mother and Child
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

© 2023 Farhad Abolhasan Choobdar, Maral Ghassemzadeh, Fatemeh Aslanbeigi, Mohammad Attarian, Leila Robatmeili, Hanie Rahimian, Behzad Haghighi Aski, Ali Manafi Anari, published by Institute of Mother and Child
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.