Evaluation of neonatal and maternal factors based on vitamin A status among the septic and non-septic neonates_
| Variable | Total neonatal Vitamin A | P-value* total | Vitamin A in septic group | Vitamin A in non-septic group | P-value* of average, group | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| μg/dl | Average μg/dl | Deficiency; n = 19 | Normal; n = 1 | Average μg/dl | Deficiency; n = 5 | Normal; n = 15 | ||||
| Gender | Female | 17.8 ± 10.4 μg/dl | 0.428 | 13.7 ± 3.6 μg/dl | 13 (92.9) | 1 (7.1) | 29.5 ± 14.5 μg/dl | 0 (0) | 5 (100) | 0.002. 0.001 |
| Male | 20.2 ± 8.5 μg/dl | 13.1 ± 2.7 μg/dl | 6 (100) | 0 (0) | 23.1 ± 8.4 μg/dl | 5 (33.3) | 10 (66.7) | 0.003, 0.012 | ||
| APGAR score | 6 – 7 | 14.9 ± 3.6 μg/dl | 0.245 | 14.1 ± 3.3 μg/dl | 5 (100) | 0 (0) | 19.2 μg/dl | 1 (100) | 0 (0) | 0.143, - |
| 8 – 9 | 19.8 ± 9.9 μg/dl | 13.3 ± 3.4 μg/dl | 14 (93.3) | 1 (6.7) | 25.0 ± 10.4 μg/dl | 4 (21.1) | 15 (78.9) | <0.001, <0.001 | ||
| Gestational age | Term | 17.4 ± 7.9 μg/dl | 0.104 | 13.5 ± 3.5 μg/dl | 14 (93.3) | 1 (6.7) | 22.3 ± 9.1 μg/dl | 8 (66.7) | 4 (33.3) | 0.001, 0.003 |
| Preterm | 22.6 ± 11.6 μg/dl | 13.5 ± 3.0 μg/dl | 5 (100) | 0 (0) | 28.2 ± 11.4 μg/dl | 1 (12.5) | 7 (87.5) | 0.003, 0.005 | ||
| Feeding | Formula | 15.7 ± 4.9 μg/dl | 0.266 | 13.2 ± 2.7 μg/dl | 5 (100) | 0 (0) | 22.0 ± 2.5 μg/dl | 0 (0) | 2 (100) | 0.053, 0.048 |
| Breast feeding | 18.1 ± 8.6 μg/dl | 13.2 ± 3.5 μg/dl | 9 (100) | 0 (0) | 22.1 ± 9.5 μg/dl | 4 (36.4) | 7 (63.6) | 0.004, 0.005 | ||
| Both | 22.4 ± 11.8 μg/dl | 14.2 ± 4.0 μg/dl | 5 (83.3) | 1 (16.7) | 29.4 ± 11.8 μg/dl | 1 (14.3) | 6 (85.7) | 0.004, 0.029 | ||
| Mother vitamin A | < 30 | 14.5 ± 4.6 μg/dl | 0.022 | 12.9 ± 3.2 μg/dl | 11 (100) | 0 (0) | 20.5 ± 4.3 μg/dl | 1 (33.3) | 2 (66.7) | 0.035, 0.033 |
| status | ≥ 30 | 21.5 ± 10.4 μg/dl | 14.2 ± 3.4 μg/dl | 8 (88.9) | 1 (11.1) | 25.4 ± 10.9 μg/dl | 4 (23.5) | 13 (76.5) | 0.001, 0.003 | |
| Neonatal birth weight | < 2500 | 21.8 ± 11.5 μg/dl | 0.211 | 12.0 ± 2.4 μg/dl | 3 (27.3) | 8 (72.7) | 26.1 ± 11.3 μg/dl | 2 (22.2) | 7 (77.8) | 0.005, 0.021 |
| ≥ 2500 | 17.8 μg/± dl 8.1 | 13.9 μg/± dl 3.5 | 15 (93.8) | 1 (6.3) | 23.5 μg/± dl 9.7 | 4 (100) | 0 (0) | 0.002, 0.001 | ||
Comparison of demographic and clinical features of neonates and their mothers among the septic and non-septic group
| Variable | Total; N = 40 | Sepsis; n = 20 | Non-septic; n = 20 | P-value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neonate age (days); mean±SD (range) | 4.7 ± 1.3 (3 – 7) | 4.9 ± 1.3 (3 – 7) | 4.5 ± 1.3 (3 – 7) | 0.397 | |
| Mother age (years); mean±SD (range) | 28.2 ± 4.5 (19 – 36) | 27.9 ± 4.6 (19 – 34) | 28.6 ± 4.3 (21 – 36) | 0.625 | |
| Birth weight | Average; mean±SD (range) | 2717.0 ± 449.8 (1980 – 3600) | 2850.0 ± 417.5 (2150 – 3600) | 2584.0 ± 451.5 (1980 – 3600) | 0.061 |
| (grams) | <2500; n (%) | 13 (32.5) | 4 (20.0) | 9 (45.0) | |
| ≥ 2500; n (%) | 27 (67.5) | 16 (80.0) | 11 (55.0) | 0.091 | |
| Male | 21 (52.5) | 6 (30.0) | 15 (75) | ||
| Gender; n (%) | Female | 19 (47.5) | 14 (70.0) | 5 (25.0) | 0.004 |
| Average mean±SD (years); (range) | 37.1 ± 1.2 (35 – 39) | 37.4 ± 1.0 (35.4 – 39.0) | 36.9 ± 1.3 (35 – 39) | 0.205 | |
| Gestational age | Term; n (%) | 27 (67.5) | 15 (75.0) | 12 (60.0) | |
| Preterm; n (%) | 13 (32.5) | 5 (25.0) | 8 (40.0) | 0.311 | |
| Cause of | Preterm labor pain | 8 (20.0) | 0 (0) | 8 (40.0) | |
| Prematurity; | PROM | 4 (10.0) | 4 (20.0) | 0 (0) | 0.001 |
| n (%) | Preeclampsia | 1 (2.5) | 1 (5.0) | 0 (0) | |
| Average; (range) mean±SD | 8.4 ± 0.8 (6 – 9) | 8.15 ± 0.9 (6 – 9) | 8.6 ± 0.6 (7 – 9) | 0.116 | |
| APGAR | 6 – 7; n (%) | 6 (15.0) | 5 (25.0) | 1 (5.0) | |
| 8 – 9; n (%) | 34 (85.0) | 15 (75.0) | 19 (95.0) | 0.077 | |
| Admission cause; | Icterus | 20 (50.0) | 0 (0) | 20 (100) | <0.001 |
| n (%) | Sepsis | 10 (25.0) | 10 (50.0) | 0 (0) | |
| Formula | 7 (17.5) | 5 (25.0) | 2 (10.0) | ||
| Feeding; n (%) | Breast feeding | 20 (50.0) | 9 (45.0) | 11 (55.0) | 0.458 |
| Both | 13 (32.5) | 6 (30.0) | 7 (35.0) | ||
| Delivery; n (%) | C/Section | 38 (95.0) | 18 (90.0) | 20 (100) | 0.487 |
| NVD | 2 (5.0) | 2 (10.0) | 0 (0) | ||
| WBC count (103/μL) | 19.9 ± 7.1 (7.3 – 31.6) | 25.9 ± 3.5 (18.0 – 31.6) | 13.9 ± 3.9 (7.3 – 20.0) | <0.001 | |
| Neutrophil count (10 | 3/μL) | 9.9 ± 5.5 (3.5 – 20.0) | 14.4 ± 3.9 (7.3 – 20.0) | 5.4 ± 2.1 (3.5 – 12.0) | <0.001 |
| Platelet count (103/ | μL) | 293.5 ± 122.5 (127.0 – 623) | 262.2 ± 112.6 (127.0 – 623.0) | 324.7 ± 126.9 (163.0 – 556.0) | 0.108 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 8.7 ± 14.1 (1 – 87) | 15.5 ± 17.5 (5.0 – 87.0) | 1.9 ± 1.3 (1 – 5) | 0.001 | |
| Neonates’ Vitamin | Average; (range) mean±SD μg/dl | 19.1 ± 9.4 μg/dl | 13.5 ± 3.3 (9.5 – 21.0) μg/dl | 24.7 ± 10.2 (11.6 – 54.9) μg/dl | <0.001 |
| A status | Deficiency; < 30; n (%) | 24 (60.0) | 19 (95.0) | 5 (25.0) | <0.001 |
| Normal; n ≥ 30 (%) | 16 (40.0) | 1 (5.0) | 15 (75.0) | ||
| Average; (range) mean±SD | 38.4 ± 16.5 | 30.3 ± 11.4 (15.0 – 50.0) μg/dl | 46.5 ± 17.0 (21.0 – 98.4) μg/dl | 0.001 | |
| Mother vitamin A | μg/dl | μg/dl | |||
| < 30; n (%) | 14 (35.0) | 11 (55.0) | 3 (15.0) | ||
| ≥ 30; n (%) | 26 (65.0) | 9 (45.0) | 17 (85.0) | 0.008 | |