Figure 1
![The main categories of 40 developmental assets (own elaboration based on Nakkula et al. [4])](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64721d2c215d2f6c89dbc726/j_jmotherandchild.20212503SI.d-21-00024_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKMBUS5AD4%2F20260130%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260130T162044Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjENX%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQDKj1QVizhCIc%2Bp0gguxuekxrTZwbOsT9xV%2FXkcrK7thQIgXJ9WbnoP7KIi13TI8NRVsEAlc%2FiAlfFa5tM3ZzEyFpMqxQUInv%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDC8g%2F6FSPjp2Q%2BecGiqZBdeL2NvX9jaDAxpElUoQ0VPSGZZZr15uALQWWEkfVcEnZ7DuU8J4LP%2FVhyNh4xmx%2F9IYPx8Dr3yJ6%2BoLNzPaxqF1JlJjO%2BMB%2BJ8mDEnJm11AbiactTAB0LunOPTx%2BhDZkpLjiMn6d6B%2BsrzKrLihyY0sUIYCGDb4tRvuYwHmoaF0gcFYjQppYtb%2B1ypcEEF4Gq6A4Y4kv5zVNYICGWPjtMPuBbEHSyTjWXaUlU0tts%2F1%2F1ccbsWDUZuzkh6Bvs7St2gLCH%2BQE2ogZScAnQ2STEGFZUyuUzRkc2LitZRsjPqD8sgZ7a5lEtGo5DItl3zjjFtUzvhk3DTYyddsPsoeovGK1NNKcGrzt3KcFSW00skM21qnHoY58x%2BS6pG2bsayppnWLSbH%2FcfY6%2FP5A9%2Bk3sz5RhKR1K767tcVQemef8P4R1N2crA80X6tO7O3PYCLfp%2B6Bf0aozPDdaKCAE9k9SrhvmRXOqrb9vpchKsEU8hkqs8Pt5Fy23lrLerhDdl1eCMfC0xelOeJq%2B%2BYA%2BRoTtgmYnVGhqkHvHdBGq79ibSe5pE87Fia39I%2BRgWiY7FdEuTx0z8ndF3wdeu46IOaKqOvPSrQT1F65tE4Bb24G7EhDJj7TCkkFZfPkB01BBScePWzpy%2BaMnv8maQrmoKtN%2B2Q2tSqykfRrUIZoPnQ9NXCP4HPAHeABKbdIT8G6n3tYoIqyMV4kkQjr56d%2BNtApzg9nMRsDkOjZ0DTgfnuP8ZrhdsIbr59W69tB7vO%2Br4XCbhUyLqOiwBSFnUWod5y9xgpjcYWfAFa2DF1yVuDWpdaDeyuIe3v7pOxsGeDJQpP2tuu%2Brg7s1zqFAqgwg7ISPzpIlAZI56IPps1Lq6nmg673ZzLN%2FmaAGTdMJ%2Fb8ssGOrEBlBhKaeJLkZx0O8w5995UXRbBSDa0WiBKxdwSMaqNq1UN0yrUCM0X497ZctdnWD2v%2FUAF2Ff7EFU0LXpPy90ao42cpzRl%2FNFl275JRzmZnlmnDVjD4kFcAZiBv8LyhQ0kkjToOpPR5fv9HehE2%2Bim9aMuWK6YwjebkDtRX36MWCcQsy4K4x7RbmPgHtt9tiXePCW9jMsugnYlER4%2Fy5yw%2FJfJfkCFCnONfE42c8StwMhp&X-Amz-Signature=306295c526ba9adf0a720c4608fdd2f774e504db3486213c02a28b8339962c2f&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 2
The mean EECII index by selected individual characteristics, the social capital of the school and the social ties in the area
| Variable | N (%) | EECII level | Group comparison | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Test | p | ||
| School achievements | |||||
| Poor Average | 889(17.9) 2671(53.7) | 5.18 5.31 | 2.66 2.59 | H(2)=21,45 | <0.001 |
| Good | 1380(27.8) | 5.66 | 2.74 | ||
| Missing values | 32(0.6) | ||||
| Personal values level | |||||
| Low | 923(18.6) | 4.54 | 2.39 | ||
| Average | 2866(57.6) | 5.28 | 2.51 | H(2)=219,97 | <0.001 |
| High | 1136(22.8) | 6.37 | 2.91 | ||
| Missing values | 48(1.0) | ||||
| Current youth group engagement | |||||
| Never or hardly ever | 3905(78.5) | 5.19 | 2.62 | ||
| Monthly | 429(8.6) | 5.83 | 3.40 | H(3)=120,85 | <0.001 |
| Weekly | 399(8.0) | 6.21 | 2.68 | ||
| Daily or almost daily | 169(3.4) | 6.92 | 3.05 | ||
| Missing values | 70(1.4) | ||||
| Neighbourhood social capital | |||||
| Low | 1203(24.2) | 4.97 | 2.62 | ||
| Average | 2418(48.6) | 5.33 | 2.54 | H(2)=72,70 | <0.001 |
| High | 1311(26.4) | 5.87 | 2.83 | ||
| Missing values | 40(0.8) | ||||
| Liking school | |||||
| Don’t like it at all | 487(9.8) | 5.11 | 2.70 | ||
| Don’t like it very much | 978(19.7) | 5.05 | 2.59 | H(3)=46,14 | <0.001 |
| Like it a bit | 2127(42.8) | 5.38 | 2.62 | ||
| Like it a lot | 1376(27.7) | 5.74 | 2.69 | ||
| Missing values | 4(0.1) | ||||
The mean EECII index by demographic characteristics and family affluence
| Variable | N (%) | EECII level | Group comparison | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Test | p | ||
| Gender | |||||
| Boys | 2220(44.7) | 5.11 | 2.57 | Z=-6.50 | <0.001 |
| Girls | 2752(55.3) | 5.62 | 2.70 | ||
| Age | |||||
| 13 yrs | 1835(36.9) | 5.52 | 2.60 | ||
| 15 yrs | 1697(34.1) | 5.39 | 2.70 | H(2)=12.21 | 0.002 |
| 17 yrs | 1440(29.0) | 5.23 | 2.66 | ||
| Place of living | |||||
| Urban areas | 2998(60.3) | 5.34 | 2.65 | Z=-1.48 | 0.139 |
| Rural areas | 1959(39.4) | 5.46 | 2.66 | ||
| Missing values | 15(0.3) | ||||
| FAS level | |||||
| Low | 1455(29.3) | 5.26 | 2.58 | ||
| Average | 2268(45.6) | 5.35 | 2.63 | H(2)=7.640 | 0.022 |
| High | 1159(23.3) | 5.59 | 2.73 | ||
| Missing values | 90(1.8) | ||||
| Family social position | |||||
| Low | 931(18.7) | 5.16 | 2.58 | ||
| Average | 2852(57.4) | 5.29 | 2.55 | H(2)=40.02 | <0.001 |
| High | 1148(23.1) | 5.86 | 2.88 | ||
| Missing values | 41(0.8) | ||||