Associations between the self-reported happy home lives and health of Canadian school-aged children: An exploratory analysis with stratification by level of relative family wealth

Body	Subjective health complaints
	Perception of own health
Mind	Depression
	Body image
Spirit	Spirituality scale
	Number of adults in the home
	Presence of siblings in the home
	Living in a foster home
	Eating meals as a family
	Family support scale
Personal behavior	Bullying others
	Age of onset of risky behavior
	Physical fights
	Dating violence
	Use of electronic devices
Psychosocio-economic environment	Family affluence
	Food insecurity
	Peer support
Human biology	Gender
	Age
Physical environment	Bedroom to oneself
	Size of home
	How free time is spent
Social capital scale
Urban/rural comparison
Participation in organised activities

Table 2

Demographic Characteristics of the 2018 Canadian Health Behaviour in School-aged Children Study (n= 21,745)

	n	(%)
Age
≤11	2457	(11.5)
12	4207	(19.6)
13	4519	(21.1)
14	4619	(21.6)
≥15	5630	(26.3)
Missing	313
Grade
6-8	13079	(60.7)
9-10	8462	(39.3)
Other	203
Missing	1
Gender
Male	10347	(48.0)
Female	10870	(50.4)
Neither term describes me	336	(1.6)
Missing	192
Race
White	14075	(66.1)
Black	767	(3.6)
Latin American	205	(1.0)
Indigenous (Metis, Inuit, First Nations)	1664	(7.8)
East & Southeast Asian	699	(3.3)
East Indian & South Asian	563	(2.6)
Arab & West Asian	299	(1.4)
Other (including mixed race)	3030	(14.2)
Missing	443
Relative Family Wealth
Well off	10028	(53.1)
Average	7174	(38.0)
Not well off	1697	(9.0)
Missing	2846
Urban/rural status of municipality
Rural area (< 1,000)	916	(4.2)
Small centre (1,000 — 29,999)	11244	(51.7)
Medium centre (30,000 – 99,999)	3787	(17.4)
Large urban centre (≥100,000)	5798	(26.7)
Adults in primary home
Mother and Father	15080	(71.1)
Mother and Partner	1174	(5.5)
Mother only	3351	(15.8)
Father and Partner	255	(1.2)
Father only	647	(3.1)
Other	714	(3.4)
Missing	524

[i] Values are unweighted

Table 3

Unadjusted, adjusted and stratum-specific odds of self-reporting a happy home life for the 26 health-related factors that map onto the Mandala of Health

Individual Factors	n	OR	(95% CI)	OR	(95% CI)	ssOR	(95% CI)	ssOR	(95% CI)
Subjective Health Complaints	21 745	-		-
Often (daily/weekly)	4091	1.00		1.00		1.00	-	1.00	-
Rarely (monthly)	16 781	2.50	(2.33-2.70)	2.92	(2.70-3.16)	4.80	(3.83-6.06)	2.72	(2.49-2.96)
Perception of Own Health	21 745	-		-
Poor/Fair	3 588	1.00		1.00		1.00	-	1.00	-
Good/Excellent	17 388	4.28	(3.99-4.59)	3.13	(2.89-3.40)	3.64	(2.90-4.57)	3.06	(2.81-3.34)
Depression	20 561	-		-
Experiences symptoms	6 289	1.00		1.00		1.00	-	1.00	-
Does not experience	14 272	3.19	(3.00-3.41)	4.15	(3.86-4.46)	6.13	(4.93-7.63)	3.94	(3.65-4.26)
symptoms		-		-
Perception of Body Image	21 745
Too thin or too fat	8 654	1.00		1.00		1.00	-	1.00	-
About the right size	13 091	1.81	(1.70-1.92)	1.92	(1.79-2.06)	2.73	(2.22-3.35)	1.84	(1.71-1.98)
Spirituality	19 361			-
Not or somewhat important	9 926	1.00		1.00		1.00	-	1.00	-
Important	9 435	1.33	(1.25-1.41)	2.08	(1.94-2.24)	2.97	(2.41-3.66)	1.99	(1.85-2.15)

Family Factors	n	OR	(95% CI)	OR	(95% CI)	ssOR	(95% CI)	ssOR	(95% CI)
# of adults in the home	21363
1 adult	3 597	1.00	-	1.00	-	1.00	-	1.00	-
2 adults	15 789	2.06	(1.91-2.23)	2.00°	(1.86-2.22)	2.04°	(1.62-2.56)	2.03°	(1.85-2.23)
>2 adults	1 826	1.62	(1.43-1.83)	1.53	(1.33-1.75)	1.57	(1.02-2.41)	1.52	(1.32-1.76)
Presence of siblings	21 746
No siblings	4 100	1.00	-	1.00	-	1.00	-	1.00	-
>1 sibling	1 168	1.24	(1.16-1.32)	1.22	(1.14-1.31)	1.33	(1.09-1.63)	1.20	(1.12-1.30)
Foster home	20 992
Living in a foster home	20 752	1.00	-	1.00	-	1.00	-	1.00	-
Not in a foster home	239	1.69	(1.29-2.22)	1.71	(1.26-2.32)	0.68	(0.20-2.31)	1.83	(1.34-2.50)
Eating meals as a family	21 745
<1 time a week	3 755	1.00	-	1.00	-	1.00	-	1.00	-
>1 time a week	17 860	2.77	(2.58-2.98)	2.90	(2.67-3.33)	4.11	(3.24-5.22)	2.76	(2.53-3.01)
Family support scale	21 745
Family is not supportive	4 600	1.00	-	1.00	-	1.00	-	1.00	-
Family is supportive	15 675	3.62	(3.38-3.88)	4.76	(4.41-5.13)	5.35	(4.27-6.67)	4.69	(4.33-5.08)

Intersecting Factors	n	OR	(95% CI)	OR	(95% CI)	ssOR	(95% CI)	ssOR	(95% CI)
Bullying	21 745
Has bullied others (past 3mo)	10 817	1.00	_-	1.00	_-	1.00	_-	1.00	_-
Has not bullied others (past 3mo)	10 928	2.17	(2.04-2.33)	1.64	(1.52-1.75)	1.61	(1.33-1.96)	1.64	(1.52-1.75)
Risky behavior	7 255
< 12 years old	4 100	1.00	-	1.00		1.00	-	1.00
> 12 years old	1 168	1.16	(1.07-1.26)	1.44	(1.32-1.57)	2.30	(1.76-3.00)	1.36	(1.24-1.49)
Physical fights	21 745
In a physical fight (past 3mo)	14 521	1.00	_-	1.00	_-	1.00	_-	1.00	_-
Not in a physical fight (past 3 mo)	7 224	2.38	(2.22-2.50)	1.60°	(1.49-1.72)	1.43°	(1.15-1.75)	1.59°	(1.45-1.69)
Dating violence	7 655
Has been violent with a partner	7 131	1.00	_-	1.00	_-	1.00	_-	1.00	_-
Has never been violent with a partner	524	1.07	(1.01-1.14)	1.28	(1.37-1.19)	1.89	(1.52-2.33)	1.23	(1.14-1.32)
Electronic devices	18 168
Problematic use	1 945	1.00	_-	1.00	_-	1.00	_-	1.00	_-
Non-problematic use	16 223	2.08	(1.92-2.33)	2.63	(2.33-2.86)	2.22	(1.64-2.94)	2.63	(2.38-2.94)
Food insecurity	21745
Food insecure	682	1.00	_-	1.00	_-	1.00	_-	1.00	_-
Not food insecure	20 970	3.57	(3.03-4.16)	3.46	(2.91-4.12)	1.95	(1.33-2.86)	3.97	(3.28-4.81)
Peer support	21745
Peers are not supportive	5 003	1.00	_-	1.00		1.00	-	1.00	-
Peers are supportive	15 290	1.39	(1.30-1.49)	1.75	(1.62-1.89)	1.46	(1.18-1.82)	1.79	(1.65-1.94)
Family affluence	19 054
Not well off	10 715	1.00	_-	1.00	_-	_-	_-	_-	_-
Average/well off	8 340	3.22	(2.90-3.58)	3.22	(2.90-3.58)	-	-	_-
Gender	21745
Female	11 162	1.00	_-	1.00	_-	1.00	_-	1.00	_-
Male	10117	1.39	(1.30-1.47)	1.50	(1.40-1.61)	1.62	(1.32-1.98)	1.49	(1.38-1.61)

Intersecting Factors	n	OR	(95% CI)	OR	(95% CI)	ssOR	(95% CI)	ssOR	(95% CI)
*Age*	21 745
Grades 8-11	8 622	1.00	_-	1.00	_-	1.00	_-	1.00	_-
Grades 5-7	13 122	1.28	(1.20-1.37)	1.56	(1.45-1.67)	1.96	(1.59-2.43)	1.52	(1.39-1.64)
Bedroom to oneself	19 481
Does not have a bedroom to oneself	2 467	1.00	_-	1.00	_-	1.00	_-	1.00	_-
Has a bedroom to oneself	17 014	0.98	(0.89-1.08)+	1.18	(1.06-1.30)	1.11	(0.85-1.45)	1.19	(1.06-1.32)
Size of home	19 499
Small (<2 bathrooms)	13 043	1.00	_-	1.00	_-	1.00	_-	1.00	_-
Large (>2 bathrooms)	6 456	1.16	(0.77-1.79)+	1.23	(0.78-1.92)+	0.65	(0.22-1.96)	1.35	(1.00-2.22)
Free time	19 288
No good places to spend free time	5 611	1.00	_-	1.00	_-	1.00	_-	1.00	_-
Good places to spend free time	13 617	2.46	(2.31-2.61)	1.75	(1.63-1.88)	1.63	(1.33-2.01)	1.76	(1.63-1.90)

Community Factors	n	OR	(95% CI)	OR	(95% CI)	ssOR	(95% CI)	ssOR	(95% CI)
Social Capital Scale	18 966
Low social capital	17 821	1.00	-	1.00	-	1.00	_-	1.00	-
High social capital	1 145	2.24	(2.08-2.40)	2.22	(2.09-2.42)	2.57	(2.05-3.22)	2.14	(1.97-2.32)
Organized activities	21 745
Does not participate	2 749	1.00	-	1.00	-	1.00	-	1.00	-
Participates in ≥1 organized activity	18 996	1.25	(0.15-1.37)	1.44	(1.30-1.59)+	1.95	(1.50-2.51)	1.37	(1.23-1.52)
Home location	21 745
Urban (>30,000 inhabitants)	11 931	1.00	-	1.00	-	1.00	-	1.00	-
Rural (<30,000 inhabitants)	9 814	1.08	(1.01-1.14)	1.05	(0.98-1.12)	1.03	(0.84-1.25)+	1.37	(1.23-1.52)

[i] CI: confidence interval; OR: odds ratio; ssOR: stratum specific odds ratio. Note: Relative odds of reporting a happy home life are statistically different between the sub-groups in each variable if the OR with its 95% CI for the comparison sub-group do not include 1 (the referent group).

†Models stratified by relative family wealth using a self-reported subjective scale. Perceptions of family wealth range from 1=very well off to 5= not at all well off.

*Individuals who perceive their family as not at all well off or not very well off were categorised as a lower level of family wealth.

** Individuals who perceive their family as average, quite well off or very well off were categorised as average or high level of family wealth.

° aOR value not included within the ssOR range due to stratum cutoff point selection.

Adapted Mandala of Health shaded by mean stratum specific odds ratio for odds of the young person reporting a happy home life across the various health-related variables as compared to a referent group in each area of the model (a=lower self-reported family wealth; b= average or higher self-reported family wealth).

Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.34763/jmotherandchild.20212503SI.d-21-00015 | Journal eISSN: 2719-535X | Journal ISSN: 2719-6488

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Language: English

Page range: 151 - 169

Submitted on: Jun 6, 2021

Accepted on: Aug 12, 2021

Published on: Apr 30, 2022

Published by: Institute of Mother and Child

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

Keywords:

adolescent health,

home life,

social determinants of health,

HBSC,

Related subjects:

Pediatrics and juvenile medicine,

Paediatric haematology and oncology,

Public health

© 2022 Emilie Pianarosa, Colleen M Davison, published by Institute of Mother and Child
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 25 (2021): Issue 3 (September 2021)

Associations between the self-reported happy home lives and health of Canadian school-aged children: An exploratory analysis with stratification by level of relative family wealth

Figures & Tables

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Figure 1

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