Prevalence of health risk behaviours among Bulgarian adolescents, overall and by age and gender (Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) – Bulgarian dataset, 2017-2018)_
| Health risk behaviour | Overall | Boys | Girls | Boy-to-Girl prevalence ratio | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | Total(1) | No. of cases(2) | Boys | Girls | Prevalence | Prevalence | Prevalence | ||
| Current cigarette smoking | 11 y.o. | 1660 | 118 | 54 | 64 | 7.1 | 3.3 | 3.9 | 0.84 |
| 13 y.o. | 1371 | 152 | 85 | 67 | 11.1 | 6.2 | 4.9 | 1.27 | |
| 15 y.o. | 1517 | 506 | 207 | 299 | 33.4 | 13.6 | 19.7 | 0.69 | |
| Total | 4548 | 776 | 346 | 430 | 17.1 | 7.6 | 9.5 | 0.80 | |
| 11 y.o. | 1660 | 313 | 170 | 143 | 18.9 | 10.2 | 8.6 | 1.19 | |
| 13 y.o. | 1371 | 364 | 212 | 152 | 26.5 | 15.5 | 11.1 | 1.39 | |
| 15 y.o. | 1517 | 606 | 327 | 279 | 39.9 | 21.6 | 18.4 | 1.17 | |
| Regular alcohol consumption | Total | 4548 | 1283 | 716 | 726 | 28.2 | 15.7 | 16.0 | 0.99 |
| Sexual debut | 15 y.o. | 1517 | 451 | 245 | 206 | 29.7 | 16.2 | 13.6 | 1.19 |
| Current cannabis use | 15 y.o. | 1517 | 264 | 133 | 131 | 17.4 | 8.8 | 8.6 | 1.02 |
Results of logistic regression models of sexual debut and current cannabis use of Bulgarian adolescents aged 15 (Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) – Bulgarian dataset, 2017-2018)_
| Model 3a. Sexual debut - main effects | Model 3b. Sexual debut - interaction effects | Model 4a. Current cannabis use - main effects | Model 4b. Current cannabis use - interaction effects | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | Sig. | OR | Sig. | OR | Sig. | OR | Sig. | |
| Demographics: | ||||||||
| Boy (ref.) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Girl | 0.59 | *** | 0.60 | *** | 0.82 | 0.83 | ||
| Structure of family: | ||||||||
| Living with both parents (ref.) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Living with one parent | 1.10 | 1.11 | 1.74 | * | 1.74 | * | ||
| Living with other relative/ foster care | 1.05 | 1.05 | 1.02 | 1.02 | ||||
| Family affluence scale: | ||||||||
| Family affluence - low (ref.) | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Family affluence - medium | 0.86 | 0.85 | ||||||
| Family affluence – high | 1.00 | 1.08 | ||||||
| Family support: | ||||||||
| Family support - low (ref.) | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Family support – high | 0.51 | *** | 0.64 | * | ||||
| Interaction between Family support and FAS | ||||||||
| Fam.support – low & FAS - low | 2.35 | *** | 1.75 | ** | ||||
| Fam.support – low & FAS - medium | 1.65 | *** | 1.30 | |||||
| Fam.support – low & FAS - high | 2.19 | *** | 1.97 | ** | ||||
| Fam.support – high & FAS - low | 0.62 | 0.78 | ||||||
| Fam.support – high & FAS - medium (ref.) | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Fam.support – high & FAS - high | 0.88 | 0.82 | ||||||
| Communication with parents: | ||||||||
| Communication with mother - easy (ref.) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Communication with mother – difficult | 1.28 | 1.28 | 1.20 | 1.20 | ||||
| No mother | 1.67 | * | 1.66 | * | 1.01 | 1.01 | ||
| Communication with father - easy (ref.) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Communication with father – difficult | 1.03 | 1.04 | 0.94 | 0.95 | ||||
| No father | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.74 | 0.74 | ||||
| Parental monitoring - mother | ||||||||
| Low (ref.) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| High | 1.25 | * | 1.25 | * | 0.85 | 0.85 | ||
| Parental monitoring - father: | ||||||||
| Low (ref.) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| High | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.96 | 0.96 | ||||
| School-related parental support | ||||||||
| Low (ref.) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| High | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.78 | * | 0.78 | * | ||
| Constant | 0.69 | * | 0.34 | *** | 0.32 | *** | 0.19 | *** |
| Log likelihood | -832.1 | -829.8 | -625.9 | -624.4 | ||||
| Nagelkerke pseudo R-sq | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.03 | ||||
| N of observations | 1411 | 1411 | 1438 | 1438 | ||||
Results of logistic regression models of current cigarette smoking and regular alcohol consumption of Bulgarian adolescents aged 11, 13 and 15 (Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) – Bulgarian dataset, 2017-2018)_
| Model 1a. Current cigarette smoking - main effects | Model 1b. Current cigarette smoking - interaction effects | Model 2a. Regular alcohol consumption - main effects | Model 2b. Regular alcohol consumption - interaction effects | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | Sig. | OR | Sig. | OR | Sig. | OR | Sig. | |
| Demographics: | ||||||||
| Boy (ref.) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Girl | 1.26 | * | 1.26 | ** | 0.94 | 0.95 | ||
| 11 y.o. (ref.) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 13 y.o. | 1.44 | ** | 1.45 | ** | 2.75 | *** | 2.75 | *** |
| 15 y.o. | 5.89 | *** | 5.90 | *** | 6.40 | *** | 6.42 | *** |
| Structure of family: | ||||||||
| Living with both parents (ref.) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Living with one parent | 1.60 | *** | 1.60 | *** | 1.34 | ** | 1.34 | ** |
| Living with other relative/foster care | 1.24 | * | 1.25 | * | 1.33 | ** | 1.34 | ** |
| Family affluence scale: | ||||||||
| Family affluence - low (ref.) | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Family affluence - medium | 1.13 | 1.11 | ||||||
| Family affluence – high | 1.12 | 1.28 | * | |||||
| Family support: | ||||||||
| Family support - low (ref.) | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Family support – high | 0.65 | *** | 0.79 | ** | ||||
| Interaction between Family support | ||||||||
| and FAS | ||||||||
| Fam.support – low & FAS - low | 1.29 | 1.09 | ||||||
| Fam.support – low & FAS - medium | 1.45 | *** | 1.18 | * | ||||
| Fam.support – low & FAS - high | 1.61 | ** | 1.55 | ** | ||||
| Fam.support – high & FAS - low | 0.88 | 0.88 | ||||||
| Fam.support – high & FAS - medium (ref.) | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Fam.support – high & FAS - high | 0.79 | 0.93 | ||||||
| Communication with parents: | ||||||||
| Communication with mother - easy (ref.) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Communication with mother – difficult | 1.16 | 1.16 | 1.33 | ** | 1.32 | * | ||
| No mother | 0.92 | 0.93 | 1.20 | 1.20 | ||||
| Communication with father - easy (ref.) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Communication with father – difficult | 1.10 | 1.10 | 0.95 | 0.95 | ||||
| No father | 1.24 | 1.24 | 0.84 | 0.84 | ||||
| Parental monitoring - mother | ||||||||
| Low (ref.) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| High | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.73 | *** | 0.73 | *** | ||
| Parental monitoring - father: | ||||||||
| Low (ref.) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| High | 0.90 | 0.89 | 0.79 | ** | 0.79 | ** | ||
| School-related parental support | ||||||||
| Low (ref.) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| High | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.84 | ** | 0.84 | ** | ||
| Constant | 0.07 | *** | 0.05 | *** | 0.22 | *** | 0.20 | *** |
| Log likelihood | -1675.2 | -1674.2 | -2295.7 | -2294.2 | ||||
| Nagelkerke pseudo R-sq | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | ||||
| N of observations | 4127 | 4127 | 4190 | 4190 | ||||
Descriptive statistics of the family characteristics used in the analysis of adolescents’ health risk behaviours (Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) – Bulgarian dataset, 2017-2018)
| Variable | Categories | Frequency | Percent |
|---|---|---|---|
| Living with two parents | 3537 | 77.8 | |
| Family structure | Living with one parent | 861 | 18.9 |
| Living with other relative/foster care | 150 | 3.3 | |
| Low | 498 | 11.5 | |
| Family affluence scale (FAS-III) | Medium | 3069 | 70.9 |
| High | 760 | 17.6 | |
| Low | 2859 | 62.9 | |
| Family support scale | |||
| High | 1689 | 37.1 | |
| (Very) easy | 3775 | 84.3 | |
| How easy is it for you to talk to mother about | |||
| things that really bother you? | (Very) difficult | 546 | 12.2 |
| Don’t have or see mother | 155 | 3.5 | |
| (Very) easy | 3285 | 73.4 | |
| How easy is it for you to talk to father about | |||
| things that really bother you? | (Very) difficult | 935 | 20.9 |
| Don’t have or see father | 254 | 5.7 | |
| Parental monitoring scale - mother | |||
| High | 1632 | 35.9 | |
| Low | 2916 | 64.1 | |
| High | 1971 | 43.3 | |
| Parental monitoring scale - father | |||
| Low | 2577 | 56.7 | |
| School-related parental support | High | 2791 | 61.4 |
| Low | 1757 | 38.6 |