Determinants of adverse birth outcome in the West Shewa Zone, Oromia, Regional State, Ethiopia: Unmatched case-control study

Daniel Belema Fekene; Gizachew Abdissa Bulto; Benyam Seifu Woldeyes; Gurmesa Daba Dina; Kassa Mamo Negash

doi:10.34763/jmotherandchild.20212501.d-21-00003

Figures & Tables

Neonatal assessments at birth in West Shewa zone, Ethiopia, 2020

Variables	Categories	Case		Control		Statistics (X²),p-value
Variables	Categories	Frequency	Percentages %	Frequency	Percentages %
Sex	Male	99	57.9	276	65.7	X2=3.23,p=0.07
Sex	Female	72	42.2	144	34.3	X2=3.23,p=0.07
APGAR score in first minutes	Normal	55	32.2	160	38.1	X2=1.88,p=0.39
	Moderate asphyxia	73	42.7	161	38.3
	Severe asphyxia	43	25.1	99	23.6
APGAR score in fifth minute	Normal	97	56.7	253	60.2	X2=1.08,p=0.58
	Moderate asphyxia	34	19.9	69	16.4
	Severe asphyxia	40	23.4	98	23.3
Gestational age	Preterm	38	6.4	83	14.0	X2=0.45,p=0.50
Gestational age	Term	133	22.5	337	57.0	X2=0.45,p=0.50
Birth weight	Low birth weight	61	35.7	23	3.9	X2=90.87,p=0.00
Birth weight	Normal birth weight	110	64.3	397	67.2	X2=90.87,p=0.00
Birth injury	Yes	2	1.2	11	2.6	X2=1.17,p=0.28
Birth injury	No	169	98.8	409	97.4	X2=1.17,p=0.28
Cry immediately after birth	Yes	115	67.3	306	72.9	X2=1.86,p=0.17
Cry immediately after birth	No	56	32.7	114	27.1	X2=1.86,p=0.17
Skin-to-skin contact	Yes	131	22.2	327	77.9	X2=0.10,p=0.74
Skin-to-skin contact	No	30	6.8	93	22.1	X2=0.10,p=0.74
Breastfeeding within one hour	Yes	62	36.3	186	44.3	X2=3.25,p=0.07
Breastfeeding within one hour	No	109	63.7	234	55.7	X2=3.25,p=0.07
Provided first initial newborn care	No	70	40.9	265	63.1	X2=24.30,p=0.00
Provided first initial newborn care	Yes	101	59.1	155	36.9	X2=24.30,p=0.00

Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of determinants of adverse birth outcome in West Shewa zone, Ethiopia, 2020

Variables	Adverse birth outcome		COR95%CI		P-value
Variables	Yes	No		AOR95%CI
Residence
Urban	81(13.7%)	256(43.3%)	0.57 (0.403-0 .83)	0.65(0.43-0.98)*	0.040
Rural	90(15.2%)	164(27.7%)	1	1
Family support during childbearing
No	66(11.2%)	34(5.8%)	7.14 (4.47-11.38)	5.24(3.16-8.71)*	0.000
Yes	105 (17.8%)	386(65.3%)	1	1
Pregnancy type
Twins	61(10.3%)	48(8.1%)	4.29(2.78-6.63)	4.02 (2.47-6.52)*	0.000
Single	110 (18.6%)	372 (62.9%)	1	1
Birth interval
<2 years	107(18.1%)	198(33.5%)	1.87 (1.30-2.69)	1.43(1.23-4.48)*	0.0001
>2 years	64 (10.8%)	222(37.6%)	1	1
Number of antenatal care visits
<4	120(20.3%)	234(39.6%)	1.87(1.28-2.74)	1.80(1.17-2.78)*	0.008
>=4	51(8.6%)	186(31.5%)	1	1
Current obstetrics complication
Yes	43(7.3%)	39(6.6%)	3.28(2.04-5.3)	2.072(1.18-3.61)*	0.001
No	128(21.7%)	381(64.5%)	1	1

Past obstetric and gynaecologic characteristics of participants in public hospitals, West Shewa zone, Ethiopia, 2020

Variables	Categories	Case		Control		Statistics (X²), p-value
Variables	Categories	Frequency	Percentages %	Frequency	Percentages%
Abortion history	Yes	23	13.5	49	11.7	X²=0.04, p=0.84
Abortion history	No	86	50.3	194	46.2	X²=0.04, p=0.84
Reason for abortion	Spontaneous	20	11.7	44	10.5	X²=2.33, p=0.31
	Medically induced	3	1.8	3	0.7
	Medical and MVA*	0	-	3	0.7
Low birth weight	Yes	29	17.0	22	5.2	X²=18.9, p=0.00
Low birth weight	No	83	48.5	224	53.3	X²=18.9, p=0.00
Stillbirth	Yes	8	4.7	27	6.4	X²=1.28, p=0.26
Stillbirth	No	104	60.8	219	52.1	X²=1.28, p=0.26
Preterm	Yes	31	18.1	23	5.5	X²=20.19, p=0.00
Preterm	No	81	47.4	223	53.1	X²=20.19, p=0.00
Ever used family planning method	Yes	117	68.4	275	65.5	X²=0.47, p=0.49
Ever used family planning method	No	54	31.6	145	34.5	X²=0.47, p=0.49
Type of family planning method used	Oral contraceptives	12	7.0	46	11.0	X²=5.23, p=0.26
	Implant	37	21.6	74	17.6
	Injection	60	35.1	136	32.4
	IUD	6	3.5	18	4.3
Medical disorder	Yes	21	12.3	25	6.0	X²=6.19, p=0.01
Medical disorder	No	93	54.4	225	53.6	X²=6.19, p=0.01
Diabetes mellitus	No	141	82.5	410	97.6	X²=44.27, p=0.00
Diabetes mellitus	Yes	30	17.5	10	2.4	X²=44.27, p=0.00
Hypertension	No	130	76.0	334	79.5	X²=0.88, p=0.35
Hypertension	Yes	41	24.0	86	20.5	X²=0.88, p=0.35
Anaemia	No	136	79.5	364	86.7	X²=0.65, p=0.42
Anaemia	Yes	35	20.5	74	17.6	X²=0.65, p=0.42

Current obstetric characteristics of mothers who gave birth in public hospitals in West Shewa zone, Ethiopia, 2020

Variables	Categories	Case		Control		Statistics (X²), p-value
Variables	Categories	Frequency	Percentages %	Frequency	Percentages%
Gravidity	<= 1	59	34.5	174	41.4	X²=2.95, p=0.23
	2 - 3	65	38.0	133	31.7
	>_4	47	27.5	113	26.9
Antenatal care (ANC)	Yes	138	80.7	362	86.2	X²=2.81, p=0.09
Antenatal care (ANC)	No	33	19.3	58	13.8	X²=2.81, p=0.09
Number of ANC visits	<4	120	70.2	234	55.7	X²=2.81, p=0.00
Number of ANC visits	>_4	51	29.8	186	44.3	X²=2.81, p=0.00
Current obstetric complication	Yes	23	13.5	36	8.6	X²=3.27, p=0.07
Current obstetric complication	No	148	86.5	384	91.4	X²=3.27, p=0.07
Vaginal bleeding	No	165	96.5	403	96.0	X²=0.09, p=0.76
Vaginal bleeding	Yes	6	3.5	17	4.0	X²=0.09, p=0.76
Obstructed labour	No	166	97.1	411	97.9	X²=0.09, p=0.57
Obstructed labour	Yes	5	2.9	9	2.1	X²=0.09, p=0.57
Anaemia	No	168	98.2	410	97.6	X²=0.22, p=0.64
Anaemia	Yes	3	1.8	10	2.4	X²=0.22, p=0.64
Foul smelling discharge	No	168	98.8	415	98.8	X²=0.29, p=0.59
Foul smelling discharge	Yes	3	1.2	5	1.2	X²=0.29, p=0.59
Birth interval	< 2 years	107	62.6	198	47.1	X²=11.58, p=0.001
Birth interval	> 2 years	64	37.4	222	52.9	X²=11.58, p=0.001
Pregnancy planned	Yes	138	80.7	351	83.6	X²=0.71, p=0.43
Pregnancy planned	No	33	19.3	69	16.4	X²=0.71, p=0.43
Pregnancy supported by husband	Yes	162	94.7	402	95.7	X²=0.27, p=0.61
Pregnancy supported by husband	No	9	5.3	18	4.3	X²=0.27, p=0.61
Family support during pregnancy	Yes	105	61.4	386	91.9	X²=80.42, p=0.00
Family support during pregnancy	No	66	38.6	34	8.1	X²=80.42, p=0.00
Place of delivery	Home	11	6.4	27	6.4	X²=6.64, p=0.08
	Health Centre	47	27.5	84	20.0
	Hospital	113	66.1	309	73.6
Mode of delivery	SVD	131	76.6	303	72.1	X²=1.56, p=0.46
	Assisted vaginal delivery	7	4.1	16	3.8
	CS	33	19.3	101	24.0
Type of pregnancy	Single	110	18.6	372	62.9	X²=47.48, p=0.00
Type of pregnancy	Twin	61	10.3	48	8.1	X²=47.48, p=0.00
Labour onset	Spontaneous	144	84.2	364	86.7	X²=0.61, p=0.43
Labour onset	Induced	27	15.8	56	13.3	X²=0.61, p=0.43
Rhesus factor (Rh)	Positive	158	92.4	391	93.1	X²=0.09, p=0.77
Rhesus factor (Rh)	Negative	13	7.6	29	6.9	X²=0.09, p=0.77
Received tetanus injection	Yes	98	57.3	253	60.2	X²=0.43, p=0.51
Received tetanus injection	No	73	42.7	167	39.8	X²=0.43, p=0.51

Sociodemographic characteristics of mothers who gave birth in public hospitals, West Shewa zone, Ethiopia, 2020

Variables	Categories	Case		Control		Statistics (X²), p-value
Variables	Categories	Frequency	Percentages %	Frequency	Percentages %	Statistics (X²), p-value
Age	<= 23	51	29.8	118	28.1	X²=8.45, p=0.04
	24-26	33	19.3	110	26.2
	27-30	60	35.1	105	25.0
	31+	27	15.8	87	20.7
Religion	Orthodox	53	31.0	138	32.9	X²=1.16, p=0.56
	Muslim	11	6.4	36	8.6
	Protestant	107	62.6	246	58.7
Ethnicity	Oromo	162	94.7	393	93.6	X²=0.29, p=0.59
Ethnicity	Amhara	9	5.3	27	6.4	X²=0.29, p=0.59
Residence	Rural	90	52.6	164	39.0	X²=9.15, p=0.00
Residence	Urban	81	47.4	256	61.0	X²=9.15, p=0.00
Mother’s education	No formal education	56	32.7	140	33.3	X²=7.27, p=0.06
	Primary education (1-8)	60	35.1	105	25.0
	Secondary education (9-12)	27	15.8	87	20.7
	Collage and above	28	16.4	88	21.0
Father’s education	No formal education	41	24.0	99	23.6	X²=8.62, p=0.04
	Primary education (1-8)	56	32.7	93	22.1
	Secondary education (9-12)	36	21.1	102	24.3
	Collage and above	38	22.2	126	30.0
Occupation of mother	Government employee	19	11.1	54	12.9	X²=2.64, p=0.65
	Private employee Farmer	13 54	7.6 31.6	37 118	8.8 28.1
	Merchant	25	14.6	48	11.4
	Housewife	60	35.1	163	38.8
Occupation of father	Government employee	40	23.4	133	31.7	X²=5.81, p=0.12
	Private employee	19	11.1	56	13.3
	Farmer	81	47.4	162	38.6
	Merchant	31	18.1	69	16.4
Monthly income	<= 1000	99	57.9	148	35.2	X²=7.14, p=0.68
	1,001-3,000	42	24.6	133	31.7
	3,001+	30	17.5	139	33.1

Determinants of adverse birth outcome in the West Shewa Zone, Oromia, Regional State, Ethiopia: Unmatched case-control study

Figures & Tables

Neonatal assessments at birth in West Shewa zone, Ethiopia, 2020

Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of determinants of adverse birth outcome in West Shewa zone, Ethiopia, 2020

Past obstetric and gynaecologic characteristics of participants in public hospitals, West Shewa zone, Ethiopia, 2020

Current obstetric characteristics of mothers who gave birth in public hospitals in West Shewa zone, Ethiopia, 2020

Sociodemographic characteristics of mothers who gave birth in public hospitals, West Shewa zone, Ethiopia, 2020

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