Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Gross Motor Function Disorders in Patients with Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood Cover

Gross Motor Function Disorders in Patients with Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood

Open Access
|Jul 2020

Figures & Tables

Gross Motor Function AHC

Item No.ItemPoints: 0Points: 1Points: 2
1Lifts head from supine positionUnableHead is lifted, but through side flexion or with no neck flexion. Held for a count of 3In supine position, head must be lifted in midline. Chin moves towards chest. Held for a count of 3
2Lying to sitting positionUnableTurns into prone position or towards floorAble to do by lying on side
3Sitting2 hands for support1 hand for support, for a count of 3No hand support, for a count of 3
4Long sitting 2 hands for support1 hand for support, for a count of 3No hand support, for a count of 3
5Right hand to head in sitting position Hand touches head above level of earsUnableCan only bring right hand to head by flexing headAble to bring right hand to head. Head and trunk remain stable
6Left hand to head in sitting position Hand touches head above level of earsUnableCan only bring left hand to head by flexing headAble to bring right hand to head. Head and trunk remain stable
7Two hands to head in sitting position Hands touch head above level of earsUnableAble to place hands on head but only using head flexion or side tiltAble to place both hands on head, arms free from side. Head and trunk remain stable
8Sitting to lying positionUnable or falls overAble to lie down by flopping forwards and rolling sidewaysAble to lie down in a controlled fashion through lying on side or using clothes
9Supine position to side-lying positionUnableCan ½ roll only one way: either right or leftAble to ½ roll from supine position both ways
10Rolls from supine position to prone position over right UnableTurns to prone position by pulling/pushing on armsTurns to prone position with free arms to the right
11Rolls from prone position to supine position over right UnableTurns to supine position using arms to push/pull withTurns to supine position with free arms to the right
12Rolls from supine position to prone position over leftUnableTurns to prone position by pulling/pushing on armsTurns to prone position with free arms to the left
13Rolls from prone position to supine position over leftUnableTurns to supine position using arms to push/pull withTurns to supine position with free arms to the left
14Lifts head from prone positionUnableLifts head with arms in a forward position for a count of 3Able to lift head up in prone position, arms by side for a count of 3
15Props on forearmsUnableHolds position when placed for a count of 3Able to achieve prop on elbows with head up for a count of 3
16Props on extended armsUnableHolds position when placedAchieves hands support in prone position
17Four-point kneeling UnableHolds position when placed for a count of 3Achieves four-point kneeling – head up for a count of 3
18CrawlingUnableMoves all four points only onceAble to crawl forwards – moves all four points twice or more
19Gets to standing position from a supine position§UnableUses furnitureAchieves standing without furniture
20Supported standingCan stand with hand support but needs knee/hip support in addition for a count of 3, unableAble to stand with minimal trunk support (not hip) for a count of 3Can stand using one hand support for a count of 3
21Stands unsupportedStands only momentarily, unableStands independently for a count of 3Can stand independently for more than a count of 3
22SquatsUnableInitiates squat (>10%), uses arm support, or static <3 secondsSquats with arms free (at least 90° of hip and knee flexion), static > 3 seconds
23Gets off a chair without using arms§UnableUses armsGets off independently without using arms
24Walks forwardUnableWalks <10 stepsWalks >10 steps
25Stands on toes§UnableStands <5 secondsStands >5 seconds
26Walks on toes§UnableWalks with assistance, <3 mWalks independently, >3 m
27Walks on heels§UnableWalks with assistance, <3 mWalks independently, >3 m
28RunsUnableRuns <4.5 mRuns >4.5 m, stops and returns
29Hops on both legs§Unable<5 consecutive hops>5 consecutive hops
30Hops on right foot§Unable<5 consecutive hops>5 consecutive hops
31Hops on left foot§Unable<5 consecutive hops>5 consecutive hops
32Hops on alternate legs§UnableDoes not hop on alternate legs and arms, <10 consecutive hopsHops on alternate legs and arms, >10 consecutive hops
33Ascends stairs without railUnableAscends <4 stairs, arms free, any pattern or with arm supportAscends 4 stairs, arms free, alternating feet
34Descends stairs without railUnableDescends <4 stairs, arms free, any pattern or with arm supportDescends 4 stairs, arms free, alternating feet
35Catches a ball with both hands, stands, ball 25 cm, 5 attempts§UnableCatches a ball with both hands, throws to a distance >1.5 mCatches a ball with both hands >4 times
36Throws a tennis ball, stands, dominant hand, 5 attempts§UnableThrows distance <1.5 m or throws to a distance >1.5 m < 4 timesThrows to a distance > 1.5 m, 4 or 5 times
37Kicks ball – dominant leg, stands, ball 20 cm, 3 m, 5 attempts §UnableKicks 3 m< 4 timesKicks 3 m> 4 times
38Stands on right leg with eyes open, hands crossed on chest §Timer
39Stands on left leg with eyes open, hands crossed on chest §Timer
40Stands on right leg with eyes closed, hands crossed on chest §Timer
41Stands on left leg with eyes closed, hands crossed on chest §Timer

Characteristics of the study (AHC) group – signs

No.Unilateral AttacksBilateral attacksSignsFrequency (number of attacks per month)Average duration of episodeMedicines
1++Plegic attacksTonic/dystonic attacksNystagmusDeviation of the eyesEpisodic respiratory difficultiesEpisodic autonomic disturbances1–230 min–2 hYes
2++Plegic attacksTonic/dystonic attacksNystagmusDeviation of the eyesEpisodic respiratory difficultiesEpisodic autonomic disturbances4–87 days–several daysNo
3++Plegic attacksTonic/dystonic attacksAtaxiaA fewA few minutes to few hoursYes
4++Plegic attacksTonic/dystonic attacksNystagmusDeviation of the eyes1–30A few minutes to 12 hNo
5+ Tonic/dystonic attacksNystagmusEpisodic autonomic disturbances5–3030 s–1 minYes
6++Plegic attacksTonic/dystonic attacksDeviation of the eyesEpisodic respiratory difficulties10A few hours–2 daysYes
7++Plegic attacksTonic/dystonic attacksNystagmus1–20A few minutes to a few hoursYes
8++Plegic attacksTonic/dystonic attacksDeviation of the eyesEpisodic respiratory difficultiesEpisodic autonomic disturbancesOne to a fewA few hours to a few daysNo
9++Plegic attacksTonic/dystonic attacksNystagmusEpisodic respiratory difficultiesPlegic attacks17–20A few minutes to a few daysNo
10++Tonic/dystonic attacksDeviation of the eyesEpisodic respiratory difficultiesFew – 20Several minutes to a few hoursYes

Characteristics of the study (AHC) and control groups

Study group (AHC)Control group

No.GenderHeight (cm)Weight (kg)Age (years)Mutation of ATP1A3No.GenderMean height (cm)Mean weight (kg)Mean age (years)
1F8311.52.5+1.1; 1.2; 1.3F89.813.62.5
2M104143.5+2.1; 2.2; 2.3M100.3153.5
3M104193.5 3.1; 3.2; 3.3M103193.5
4F124236.2+4.1; 4.2; 4.3F121.3226.6
5F128229.1 5.1; 5.2. 5.3F141318.9
6M132269.1+6.1;6.2; 6.3M142.7379.2
7M1646012.8 7.1; 7.2;7.3M159.75312.9
8M1885020.3+8.1; 8.2; 8.3M1817420.5
9F1545224.3+9.1; 9.2; 9.3F16962.324.3
10M1847030.1+10.1;10.2;10.3M182.582.530.3

Gross Motor Function AHC scale – differences between study (AHC) and control groups

ItemGross Motor Function AHC Study (AHC) groupGross Motor Function AHC Control groupp

Mean ± SDSEMean ± SDSE
1. Lifts head from supine position1.90 ± 0.320.101.93 ± 0.250.050.73
2. Lying to sitting position1.90 ± 0.320.102.00 ± 0.000.000.08
3. Sitting position2.00 ± 0.000.002.00 ± 0.000.001.00
4. Long sitting position2.00 ± 0.000.002.00 ± 0.000.001.00
5. Right hand to head in sitting position1.90 ± 0.320.102.00 ± 0.000.000.08
6. Left hand to head in sitting position1.90 ± 0.320.102.00 ± 0.000.000.08
7. Two hands to head in sitting position1.90 ± 0.320.102.00 ± 0.000.000.08
8. Sitting to lying position2.00 ± 0.000.002.00 ± 0.000.001.00
9. Supine position to lying on side2.00 ± 0.000.002.00 ± 0.000.001.00
10. Rolls from supine position to prone position over right1.90 ± 0.320.102.00 ± 0.000.000.08
11. Rolls from prone position to supine position over right1.90 ± 0.320.102.00 ± 0.000.000.08
12. Rolls from supine position to prone position over left1.90 ± 0.320.102.00 ± 0.000.000.08
13. Rolls from prone position to supine position over left1.90 ± 0.320.102.00 ± 0.000.000.08
14. Lifts head from prone position2.00 ± 0.000.002.00 ± 0.000.001.00
15. Props on forearms2.00 ± 0.000.002.00 ± 0.000.001.00
16. Props on extended arms2.00 ± 0.000.002.00 ± 0.000.001.00
17. Achieves four-point kneeling1.90 ± 0.320.102.00 ± 0.000.000.08
18. Crawls2.00 ± 0.000.002.00 ± 0.000.001.00
19. Gets to standing from a supine position1.60 ± 0.840.272.00 ± 0.000.000.01*
20. Executes supported standing1.80 ± 0.630.202.00 ± 0.000.000.08
21. Stands unsupported1.60 ± 0.840.272.00 ± 0.000.000.01*
22. Squats0.96 ± 0.610.191.79 ± 0.460.080.00*
23. Gets off a chair without using arms1.60 ± 0.840.272.00 ± 0.000.000.01*
24. Walks forward1.60 ± 0.840.272.00 ± 0.000.000.01*
25. Stands on toes0.50 ± 0.530.171.90 ± 0.310.060.00*
26. Walks on toes1.18 ± 0.900.282.00 ± 0.000.000.00*
27. Walks on heels0.70 ± 0.820.262.00 ± 0.000.000.00*
28. Runs0.94 ± 0.880.281.94 ± 0.130.020.00*
29. Hops on both legs1.30 ± 0.820.262.00 ± 0.000.000.00*
30. Hops on right foot0.40 ± 0.840.271.90 ± 0.310.060.00*
31. Hops on left foot0.40 ± 0.840.271.83 ± 0.380.070.00*
32. Hops on alternate legs0.43 ± 0.560.181.56 ± 0.480.090.00*
33. Ascends stairs without rail1.25 ± 0.780.251.92 ± 0.200.040.00*
34. Descends stairs without rail1.25 ± 0.780.251.92 ± 0.200.040.00*
35. Catches a ball with both hands1.20 ± 0.790.251.93 ± 0.250.050.00*
36. Throws a tennis ball1.60 ± 0.840.272.00 ± 0.000.000.01*
37. Kicks ball – dominant leg1.60 ± 0.840.272.00 ± 0.000.000.01*
38. Stands on right leg with eyes open3.58 ± 5.011.5911.92 ± 4.590.840.00*
39. Stands on left leg with eyes open3.78 ± 5.071.6011.81 ± 4.430.810.00*
40. Stands on right leg with eyes closed2.22 ± 3.521.118.82 ± 5.971.090.00*
41. Stands on left leg with eyes closed1.93 ± 2.480.799.03 ± 6.031.100.00*
DOI: https://doi.org/10.34763/jmotherandchild.2020241.1935.000003 | Journal eISSN: 2719-535X | Journal ISSN: 2719-6488
Language: English
Page range: 24 - 32
Published on: Jul 29, 2020
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

© 2020 Agnieszka Stępień, Katarzyna Maślanko, Maciej Krawczyk, Witold Rekowski, Anna Kostera-Pruszczyk, published by Institute of Mother and Child
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.