Fig. 1
Location of ice cores on the Tibetan Plateau. Dot means ice core, while star means surface snow.
Table 1. The averaged iron abundance (analysed by ICP-MS) and first derivative value (at 9-nm interval and after 15-point smoothing) of goethite (Gt), hematite (Hm) and the Hm/Gt ratios of the dust from Tibetan Plateau ice core, and comparison with atmospheric aerosols from northern China and West Africa
Muztagata, ice core4.06 (1.04)0.200.130.67 (0.14)this studyQiangtang No. 1, ice core4.32 (1.21)0.160.120.72 (0.22)this studyZangsegangri, ice core3.87 (1.35)0.120.100.80 (0.40)this studyPuruogangri, ice core3.23 (1.46)0.110.070.55 (0.28)this studyMuztagata, aerosol4.07 (1.02)0.130.090.69 (0.21)this studyQiyi, cryoconite (bulk)4.48 (0.18)0.180.160.89 (0.04)this studyQiyi, cryoconite (fine)5.36 (0.09)0.190.190.99 (0.03)this studyYulin, aerosol0.59 (0.16) Shen et al.,2006Dunhuang, aerosol0.57 (0.26) Shen et al., 2006Tongliao, aerosol0.46 (0.13) Shen et al., 2006North Atlantic, aerosol0.93 (0.23) Arimoto et al., 2002Canary Island, aerosol1.01 (0.47) Lazaro et al., 2008West Africa, aerosola0.62 (0.19)Formenti et al., 2014
Fig. 2
The averaged reflectance (%) and first derivative value (after 15-point smoothing) of Qiantang No. 1 (QT1), Puruogangri (PRGR), Zangsegangri (ZSGR), Muztagata (MA ice core) ice core dust samples, and Muztagata aerosol (MA aerosol) samples. The result of blank filters (Teflo and PTFE) is also presented. Note that all the dots are drawn at 5-nm intervals.
Fig. 3
The averaged first derivative values of the ice core and aerosol dust samples from 400 to 460 nm and from 530 to 590 nm. Please note the two peaks appear at around 430 and 560 nm.
Fig. 4
The first derivative curve of each dust sample in Qiangtang, Puruogangri and Zangsegangri ice cores with different iron concentrations. Note that the standard of low, middle and high iron concentration is defined relative to each site.
Fig. 5
The correlation between iron content (mass on the filter) and the first derivative value of goethite (Gt) and hematite (Hm) in Tibetan ice core dust.
Fig. 6
Reflectance percentage and first derivative curve of the fine and bulk fractions of Qiyi cryoconite.