Fig. 1
Location and photograph of fixed platform.
Fig. 2
Example spectra of velocity fluctuations for 8-min record, where S v corresponds to that of vertical velocity, partitioned into wave motion and turbulence parts. S h corresponds to that of the horizontal velocity, which was multiplied by a factor of 100 for clarity. A fit to S v in the inertial subrange is overlaid.
Fig. 3
Example of wave frequency spectrum derived from AWAC data.
Fig. 4
Vertical distribution of ɛ: (a) ɛH s/u*w versus z/H s and (b) versus z/H s.
Fig. 5
Locations of buoys from National Buoy Data Center.
Fig. 6
The plot of non-dimensional wave height versus non-dimensional wave period.
Table 1. Buoys’ information
4401436.611 °N74.842°W9554500148.064 °N87.777°W261.654200125.900 °N89.658°W3246104604236.785 °N122.469°W20985510280.000 °N153.913°W47475
Fig. 7
Breaking wave-energy dissipation rates as functions of U 10 (a) and R B (b). The small circles in the figure denote the data from Felizardo and Melville (1995).
Fig. 8
Probability distribution of wave age.
Fig. 9
Field (GaxEx-1998) and laboratory comparisons of k L for (a) CM, (b) Z03, (c) W05 and (d) M01.
Table 2. Analytic statistics for gas transfer velocities estimated from different models: CM (composite model), Z03 (Zhao et al., 2003), W05 (Woolf, 2005) and M01 (McGillis et al., 2001)
MB (cm·h−1)RMSE (cm·h−1)CC (%)MB (cm·h−1)RMSE (cm·h−1)CC (%)
CM0.126.74940.1512.1190Z036.9710.94912.6712.9288W051.088.5093−2.2913.1290M010.588.35913.1815.7384
Fig. 10
Gas transfer velocity as function of wind speed from CM and other U 10-based models.
Fig. 11
Gas transfer velocity for ‘breaking’ and ‘non-breaking’ as a function of wind speed.
Fig. 12
The domain (square) of the numerical simulation.
Fig. 13
Comparison of U 10 values between GasEx-1998 and CCMP.
Fig. 14
Comparison of H s values between along-track altimeter and wave model.