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Assessment of direct radiative forcing due to secondary organic aerosol over China with a regional climate model Cover

Assessment of direct radiative forcing due to secondary organic aerosol over China with a regional climate model

Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology
Volume 67 (2015): Issue 1
By: ,  ,  ,  ,  ,   and    
Open Access
|Jan 2015
Figures & tables

Figures & Tables

Table 1. Acronyms used in the texts

AcronymsDescriptionISOAComponent of secondary organic aerosol formed from photochemical oxidation of primary organic vapours precursors with volatility higher than 104 but lower than 106 µg m−3 at 298 K and 1 atm (Robinson et al., 2007)AORiAnthropogenic secondary organic aerosol for bin i, and as i increases, the volatility increasesBORiBiogenic secondary organic aerosol for bin i, and as i increases, the volatility increasesTRFRadiative forcing at top of atmosphereSRFRadiative forcing at surface
Fig. 1

Research domain setting and geographical locations of the sites selected for model evaluation as well as five defined sub-regions of China (green box for West China, yellow box for South China, red box for Middle China, blue box for North China and orange box for Northeast China).

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Table 2. The refractive indices of α-pinene SOA under different wavelengths in literature

α-pinene (limonene) SOAWavelengthOzonolysisaPhotooxidationReferences4051.5–1.41.5–1.4(Nakayama et al., 2012)5327815321.34–1.56 (limonene)(Kim et al., 2012)1.36–1.52 (pinene)6701.4–1.51.4–1.53(Kim et al., 2010)1.38–1.53>3501.44(Schnaiter et al., 2003)Visible1.45(Wex et al., 2009)3551.458-0.018+0.019-(0.000-0.000+0.021)i(Nakayama et al., 2010)5321.411-0.021+0.021-(0.000-0.000+0.025)i6701.42±0.02(Barkey et al., 2007)4501.56±0.045501.51±0.03 (Yu et al., 2008)7001.46±0.035321.44(Kim and Paulson, 2013)3551.45±0.02(Ma and Thompson, 2012)

[i] aThe process through which SOA is generated from VOC precursor.

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Table 3. The toluene refractive indices under different wavelengths in literature

Toluene SOAWavelengthOzonolysisPhotooxidationReferences405
532
781n: 1.57–1.39(Nakayama et al., 2013)532k: 0.0018–0.0072 (405 nm)781both n and k increase to shorter wavelengths6701.4–1.6(Kim et al., 2010)3551.632-0.035+0.038-(0.047-0.036+0.041)i(Nakayama et al., 2010)5321.483-0.036+0.032-(0.007-0.007+0.030)i5321.55(Kim and Paulson, 2013)

Table 4. Experiment settings including size distribution parameters, optical properties (at 550 nm) and category of SOA

NameParticle size distributionaρpRIσextgωαSOAbABPBimodal1.01.53–6.0×10−3 i8.10.700.970.25ASOAABPNBimodal1.01.53–1.0×10−7 i8.20.691.000.25ASOAAULUnimodal1.51.47–2.0×10−4 i2.60.691.000.25ASOAAULDUnimodal1.51.47–2.0×10−4 i2.60.691.000ASOABBPBimodal1.01.53–6.0×10−3 i8.10.700.970.25BSOABBPNBimodal1.01.53–1.0×10−7 i8.20.691.000.25BSOABULUnimodal1.51.45–1.0×10−7 i2.50.711.000.25BSOABULDUnimodal1.51.45–1.0×10−7 i2.50.711.000BSOAIBPBimodal1.01.53–6.0×10−3 i8.10.700.970.25ISOAIUPUnimodal1.51.53–6.0×10−7 i2.80.670.950.25ISOA

[i] Ri stands for ‘dry’ modal radius (µm), σi represents standard deviation, Ci is particle number concentration, i is particle mode (‘fine’ for the accumulation mode, and ‘crs’ for the coarse mode), ρp stands for particle density (g cm−3), α is hygroscopic growth parameter, σext is extinction coefficients (m2 g−1), g is asymmetry factors, and ω is single scattering albedos.

[ii] aThe bimodal lognormal size distribution corresponds to the size distribution with C fine/C crs=4500, R fine=0.185, R crs=1.138, σ fine=1.492, and σ crs=2.203. The unimodal lognormal size distribution corresponds to the size distribution with R=0.0212, and σ=0.35.

[iii] bThe category of SOA considered in radiative transfer calculation.

Fig. 2

(a) NCEP Reanalysis 840 mb wind (m s−1) and TRMM precipitation (mm hr−1) field averaged over July 2006. (b) RegCM 840 mb wind field (m s−1) and precipitation (mm hr−1) averaged over July 2006.

Fig. 3

(a) Isoprene, (b) α-pinene, and (c) limonene emission (mg m−2 day−1) averaged over July 2006.

Fig. 4

(a) OC and (b) xylene emission (mg m−2 day−1) averaged over July 2006.

Table 5. Precursors’ simulated emission statistics over Chinaa

PrecursorsAbbreviationEmissionAlkanePAR0.38AlkeneOLT0.10OLI0.14AromaticTOL0.25XYL0.12IsopreneISO2.52MonoterpeneAPIN0.42LIMO0.22

[i] aUnits are Tg/month. All quantities are summed over the interior of China for July 2006.

Fig. 5

(a) ASOA, (b) BSOA, and (c) ISOA concentration (µg m−3) at model surface averaged over July 2006.

Fig. 6

Vertical distribution (µg m−3) of ASOA with effective saturation concentrations of (a) 1, (b) 10, (c) 100, (d) 1000 µg m−3 at 300 K and BSOA with effective saturation concentrations of (e) 1, (f) 10, (g) 100, (h) 1000 µg m−3 at 300 K averaged along longitude over July 2006.

Table 6. Tendencies for tracer transport and chemistry at model surfacea

SOA categoryChemical reactionsHorizontal advectionVertical advectionConvective transportVertical turbulenceTotal rainoutTotal washout SedimentationAOR12585.9273.0−306.2−582.3−961.4−16.6−37.4−961.4AOR21559.7−5.9−69.3−248.3−1068.5−2.4−4.3−161.8AOR3342.3−5.6−14.3−39.7−252.9−0.4−0.6−28.5AOR451.8−0.8−2.5−4.8−39.4−0.0−0.0−4.1BOR14448.9176.9−465.0−901.5−2080.3−16.4−270.9−881.5BOR23002.19.2−132.9−498.3−2043.0−4.2−77.7−255.2BOR31118.93.3−44.5−134.6−826.2−1.1−31.5−84.5BOR4171.70.7−6.1−18.2−130.5−0.1−5.2−12.4

[i] aUnits are kg kg−1 s−1×10−17. All quantities are averaged over the interior of China for July 2006. The tracer tendencies due to diffusion and boundary conditions are not listed, as they are one or two order smaller than other processes.

Fig. 7

(a) ASOA, (b) BSOA, and (c) ISOA column burden (mg m−2) averaged over July 2006.

Fig. 8

(a) Observed OM and simulated OC concentration (µg m−3) averaged over July 2006 for 14 sites. (b) AOD averaged over July 2006 for 14 sites. The bars are simulated ASOA and BSOA AOD, and the dots are monthly-averaged MODIS AOD.

Fig. 9

Aerosol optical depth of ASOA and BSOA averaged over July 2006 for experiment (a) ABP, (b) AUL, (c) BBP, and (d) BUL.

Fig. 10

TOA RF (W m−2) averaged over six regions (West China, South China, Middle China, North China, Northeast China and the total area of China) in China over July 2006 for eight experiments (ABP, ABPN, AUL, AULD, BBP, BBPN, BUL and BULD).

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v67.24634 | Journal eISSN: 1600-0889
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Language: English
Page range: 24634 - 24634
Submitted on: Apr 13, 2014
Accepted on: Mar 22, 2015
Published on: Jan 1, 2015
Published by: Stockholm University Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Keywords:
optical,
refractive indices,
primary organic aerosol,
indirect

© 2015 Changqin Yin, Tijian Wang, Fabien Solmon, Marc Mallet, Fei Jiang, Shu Li, Bingliang Zhuang, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

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