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Gas transfer velocities of methane and carbon dioxide in a subtropical shallow pond Cover

Gas transfer velocities of methane and carbon dioxide in a subtropical shallow pond

Open Access
|Jan 2014

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1

Location of the sampled pond in China.

Fig. 2

Schematic design of a static chamber for measuring gas fluxes.

Fig. 3

Curve patterns of changes in CH4 concentration without bubble (a) and with bubble (b) during a single flux monitoring period.

Fig. 4

Changes of environmental factors and gas fluxes during the first monitoring period.

Fig. 5

Changes of environmental factors and gas fluxes during the second monitoring period.

Table 1. Variation of environmental factors, gas fluxes and transfer velocities

NMaximumMinimumAverageStandard deviationVariance coefficientsSite N (n=40) Ta (°C)4036.924.929.43.590.12 Pa (KPa)4098.9598.5598.790.110.00 Sli (Lux)4081670020999280381.34 DO (mg/L)408.732.625.161.760.34 pH327.146.56.760.160.02 Ts (°C)4032.329.531.070.710.02 Chl-a (mg/L)4078.6841.2057.797.250.13  U10 (m/s)401.120.000.110.252.40 D-CO2 (µ mol/L)40284.9463.47120.5842.990.36 D-CH4 (µ mol/L)401.520.170.420.220.54  Cg-CO2 (µ mol/L)4023.1114.6717.832.230.13  Cg-CH4 (µ mol/L)400.2180.0770.1030.030.25  Csat-CO2 (µ mol/L)4046.5931.4636.813.730.10  Csat-CH4 (µ mol/L)400.0140.0050.0070.0020.25 F-CH4 (m mol/m2/h)400.0070.0010.0040.0010.32 F-CO2 (m mol/m2/h)402.6390.4071.4520.6040.42  k-CO2 (cm/h)404.150.571.930.860.45  k-CH4 (cm/h)402.310.191.150.540.47  k600-CO2 (cm/h)406.070.872.831.230.43  k600-CH4 (cm/h)403.170.291.640.760.47Site M (n=22) Ta (°C)2227.315.619.93.930.20 Pa (KPa)22101.45101.03101.270.120.00 Sli (Lux)22260300194258993.04 DO (mg/L)223.822.072.820.460.16 pH227.256.857.120.100.01 Ts (°C)2221.518.319.80.820.04 Chl-a (mg/L)2260.6939.8246.845.860.13  U10 (m/s)223.2100.520.851.63 D-CO2 (µ mol/L)22190.9057.64149.3337.050.25 D-CH4 (µ mol/L)220.3870.1140.1940.070.34  Cg-CO2 (µ mol/L)2214.6112.1913.460.700.05  Cg-CH4 (µ mol/L)220.1010.0720.0770.0060.08  Csat-CO2 (µ mol/L)2221.3218.5819.820.6860.03  Csat-CH4 (µ mol/L)220.0050.0040.0040.0000.07 F-CH4 (m mol/m2/h)220.0030.0000.0010.0010.70 F-CO2 (m mol/m2/h)221.000.440.730.160.22  k-CO2 (cm/h)221.970.280.660.430.65  k-CH4 (cm/h)221.68−0.060.560.430.77  k600-CO2 (cm/h)221.810.280.650.400.62  k600-CH4 (cm/h)221.71−0.060.550.430.78

[i] F-CH4 and F-CO2: diffusive fluxes of CO2 and CH4; D-CO2 and D-CH4: dissolved concentrations of CO2 and CH4 in surface water.

Fig. 6

The saturation ratio of CO2 and CH4 measured during the two surveys.

Fig. 7

Relationship between gas transfer velocities derived from CO2 and CH4, standardised to a Schmidt number of 600 (k 600).

Fig. 8

Relationships between k 600 values derived from CO2 (k 600-CO2) and CH4 (k 600-CH4), and wind speed corrected to a height of 10 m (U 10).

Table 2. Average values of several environmental factors, diffusive gas fluxes and gas transfer velocity of diel monitored data according to the weather condition

Dissolved gas concentration (µ mol/l)Diffusive gas flux (m mol·m−2·h−1)Gas transfer velocity (cm/h)SiteTimeTa (°C)DO (mg/L)pHTs (°C)Chl-a (mg/l)U10 (m/s)CO2CH4CO2CH4CO2CH4γNDaytime32.766.396.8031.6362.910.23106.280.410.940.00352.151.432.94Night26.664.166.7130.6053.600.00132.270.421.870.00433.391.801.84MTs−Ta<022.842.967.1120.3447.990.73150.410.190.650.00130.540.721.00Ts−Ta>016.422.667.1218.7945.360.27148.030.190.830.00060.790.342.68

[i] Daytime: 8:00–20:00; night: 20:00–8:00.

Table 3. Correlation coefficients between diel diffusion flux, the dissolved gas concentration and the gas transfer velocities of CO2 and CH4 and the main environmental factors

SiteTaPaU10LightDOpHTsChl-aNF-CO2−0.87a0.46a−0.35b−0.47b−0.85a−0.54a−0.83a−0.57aF-CH4−0.39a0.37b−0.16−0.34a−0.14−0.13−0.08−0.21D-CO2−0.40a0.10−0.27−0.14−0.55a−0.22−0.53a−0.36bD-CH40.15−0.18−0.11−0.140.190.150.110.10k600-CO2−0.44a0.46a−0.29−0.28−0.30−0.28−0.17−0.11k600-CH4−0.280.33b−0.12−0.17−0.24−0.130.13−0.12MF-CO2−0.58a0.43b−0.05−0.11−0.370.05−0.46b0.01F-CH40.66a−0.47b0.60a0.350.17−0.260.48b0.17D-CO20.180.200.240.210.35−0.130.090.25D-CH40.05−0.35−0.12−0.06−0.05−0.020.10−0.29k600-CO2−0.37−0.07−0.21−0.17−0.52a0.09−0.37−0.25k600-CH40.57a−0.320.62a0.340.12−0.270.43b0.27

[i] a,bCorrelation is significant at the 0.01 and 0.05 level (2-tailed), respectively.

Fig. 9

Excess CO2 vs. AOU in the pond. The two dashed lines show the upper limit (slope=0.90) and the lower limit (slope=0.62) for stoichiometric ratio of aerobic biological respiration in the environment with abundance of HCO3 (Taylor et al., 2003; Zhai et al., 2005).

Fig. 10

Chamber estimates of chemical enhancement factor (γ) plotted vs. H&B model predictions of chemical enhancement factor (α).

Language: English
Page range: 23795 - 23795
Submitted on: Jan 11, 2014
Accepted on: Nov 6, 2014
Published on: Jan 1, 2014
Published by: Stockholm University Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 2014 Shangbin Xiao, Hong Yang, Defu Liu, Cheng Zhang, Dan Lei, Yuchun Wang, Feng Peng, Yingchen Li, Chenghao Wang, Xianglong Li, Gaochang Wu, Li Liu, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.