The study domain, locations of landmarks, EANET sites (open squares, see Table 1), China sites (open triangles, see Table 2) and AERONET sites (close circles, 1: Beijing, 2: Xianghe, 3: Taihu, 4: Xinglong, 5: Hong Kong PolyU, 6: Shirahama). Area I is defined as eastern China (ECHN, 20°–42°N, 100°–123°E), Area II is defined as western China (WCHN, 35°–48°N, 75°–100°E).
Fig. 2
East Asia (solid dot), eastern China (ECHN, solid square), western China (WCHN, solid cross) and global (dash circle) emissions (anthropogenic+biomass burning) of SO2 and BC derived from IPCC AR5 (global emissions are scaled by 1/10).
Table 1. Comparisons of annual mean inorganic components between observations and simulations at EANET sites (units: µg m−3)
Table 2. Comparisons of observed and simulated aerosol components in China (units: µg m−3)a
LocationsTimes (yyyy.mm)BCOCSites(°E)(°N)TypesObsModObsModObsModObsModObsModObsModReferenceBeijing116.439.9Urban1989.5–1990.5199012.013.816.42.817.46.9
Chen et al. (1994)Beijing116.539.8Urban1999.7–2000.9200014.313.910.14.96.46.59.42.625.36.7
He et al. (2001)Qingdao120.536.1Rural1997–2000200013.08.54.55.75.84.8
Hu et al. (2002)Shanghai121.531.3Urban1999.3–2000.3200014.013.96.04.65.96.46.52.314.95.8
Ye et al. (2003)Nanjing118.832.1Urban2001.2–12200016.313.77.56.59.57.1
Wang et al. (2003)NJUb118.832.1Urban2001.22000.214.012.98.18.98.47.33.32.415.65.6
Yang et al. (2005)2001.92000.911.513.23.27.23.66.94.01.610.85.3Hok Tsuic114.222.2Rural2000.11–2001.1020009.38.70.61.92.33.71.72.34.03.4
Louie et al. (2005)Shangdianzid117.140.7Rural13.712.612.16.34.56.0
Zhao et al. (2011)
Baoliane116.339.9Urban19.119.120.59.06.49.4Tianjin117.239.1Urban
2009.4.7.10; 2010.1201024.716.718.610.87.69.2Shijiazhuang114.438.0Urban35.120.229.810.79.210.4Chengde117.941.0Rural12.98.05.85.44.04.2PKUf116.340.0Urban13.615.111.37.66.97.45.02.917.07.2Zhang et al. (2013)Average16.013.610.66.96.26.96.62.415.05.8
[i]aobserved particle sizes are PM2.5 and simulations are fine mode aerosols.
[ii]bNanjing University.
[iii]cin Hong Kong.
[iv]da regional background site located in northeast rural Beijing.
[v]ein downtown Beijing.
[vi]fPeking University.
Fig. 3
MODIS retrieved (a, c) and simulated (b, d) annual mean AOD at 550 nm at 10:30 LST in 2000 (a, b) and 2010 (c, d). Simulated AOD was sampled according to MODIS daily values.
Table 3. Statistics of comparison for hourly AOD at AERONET sites for 2010
SitesSampleObs.ModelRMBEaRMSEbNMBcBeijing20070.570.410.62−0.160.50−28.1Xianghe15250.570.380.61−0.190.51−33.3Taihu5930.610.540.48−0.070.40−11.5Xinglong17030.280.290.530.010.323.6Hong Kong PolyU9750.370.320.47−0.050.28−13.5Shirahama7690.220.200.55−0.020.15−9.1Total75710.440.350.60−0.090.41−20.4
[i]amean bias error.
[ii]broot-mean-square error.
[iii]cnormalized mean bias.
Fig. 4
Annual mean near-surface concentrations of (a) inorganic aerosol (sulphate+nitrate+ammonium) and (b) carbonaceous aerosol (BC+OC) (units: µg m−3) from the model. White shadings indicate concentrations in between 0–5 µg m−3 for inorganic aerosol and 0–2 µg m−3 for carbonaceous aerosol.
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Table 4. Domain and annual mean burdens of aerosols (units: mg m−2)
[i] EA: East Asia; ECHN: eastern China (20°–42°N, 100°–123°E); WCHN: western China (35°–48°N, 75°–100°E).
Fig. 5
Annual mean (a) AOD, (b) ADRFSRF (W m−2) and (c) ADRFTOA (W m−2) from the model.
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Table 5. Domain and annual mean AOD (unitless), and all-sky aerosol direct radiative forcings at surface (ADRFSRF) and at top of the atmosphere (ADRFTOA) (units: W m−2)
