European CO budget and links with synoptic circulation based on GEOS-CHEM model simulations

Anna P. Protonotariou; Effie Kostopoulou; Maria Tombrou; Christos Giannakopoulos

doi:10.3402/tellusb.v65i0.18640

European CO budget and links with synoptic circulation based on GEOS-CHEM model simulations

Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology

Volume 65 (2013): Issue 1

By: Anna P. Protonotariou, Effie Kostopoulou, Maria Tombrou and Christos Giannakopoulos

Open Access

|Jan 2013

Figures & Tables

Table 1. Longitude and latitude of source regions shown in Fig. 1 and corresponding CO fossil fuel-biofuel/biomass burning emissions (Tg(CO)/yr) on seasonal basis in GEOS-CHEM as considered in this study

ContinentLatitudeLongitudeDJFMAMJJASON1. Europe32°N–88°N17.5°W–42.5°E28.7/0.128.7/0.227.9/2.228.3/0.32. North America24°N–88°N172.5°W–17.5°W28.0/0.128.0/0.927.3/3.527.6/3.53. Asia32°N–88°N 8°N–32°N42.5°E–177.5°E
70°E–177.5°E64.8/10.764.8/39.563.3/10.264.1/2.64. Africa36°S–32°N17.5°W–70°E14.6/68.315.0/14.215.0/75.814.8/52.25. South America56°S–24°N122.5°W–32.5°W14.6/20.115.0/32.115.0/51.414.8/77.56. Oceania52°S–8°N70°E–177.5°E5.7/7.15.8/8.95.8/15.45.8/18.1Total156.4/106.4157.3/95.8154.3/158.5155.4/154.2

Table 2. CO tagged tracers considered in GEOS-CHEM according to emission sources, geographical regions and chemical production

NameTracerCO_totalCO total concentrationCO_FFEUCO from fossil fuel/biofuel burning in EuropeCO_FFNA>> >> in North AmericaCO_FFAS>> >> in AsiaCO_FFRW>> >> in rest of the worldCO_BBEUCO from biomass burning in EuropeCO_BBNA>> >> in North AmericaCO_BBAS>> >> in AsiaCO_BBAF>> >> in AfricaCO_BBSA>> >> in South AmericaCO_BBOC>> >> in OceaniaCO_CH4CO by CH₄ oxidationCO_ISOPCO by isoprene >>CO_ACETCO by acetone >>CO_MONOCO by monoterpenes >>CO_MEOHCO by methanol >>

Table 3. The main characteristics of the seasonal circulation patterns at SLP

Circulation typeSeason of occurrencePrevailing pressure systems in NHPrevailing circulation over EuropeLocation of main pressure centre over EuropeW_CTi i=+1,7WinterIcelandic Low, Azores High, Siberian HighAnticyclonic (+)1. Fennoscandia, 2. United Kingdom, 3. Central Europe–Western Mediterranean, 4. Iberian Peninsula, 5. Central–Eastern Europe, 6. Benelux, 7. Eastern Mediterranean–Eastern EuropeW_CTi i=−1,7WinterIcelandic Low, Azores High, Siberian HighCyclonic (−)1. Scandinavia, 2. Iceland, 3. Central Mediterranean, 4. Western Ireland–United Kingdom, 5. Central–Eastern Europe, 6. North Sea, 7. Eastern MediterraneanSP_CTi i=+1,8SpringIcelandic Low, Azores High, Siberian HighAnticyclonic (+)1. Fennoscandia–North-eastern Europe, 2. Central Europe–Central Mediterranean, 3. Ireland–United Kingdom, 4. Iceland, 5. Central–Eastern Europe, 6. Iberian Peninsula, 7. Eastern Europe–Eastern Mediterranean, 8. BeneluxSP_CTi i=−1,8SpringIcelandic Low, Azores High, Siberian HighCyclonic (−)1. Scandinavia, 2. Central Europe–Central Mediterranean, 3. Ireland–United Kingdom, 4. Iceland, 5. Eastern Europe, 6. Iberian Peninsula, 7. Eastern Mediterranean, 8.North Sea-Western ScandinaviaSU_CTi i=+1,8SummerAzores High, Asian Thermal LowAnticyclonic (+)1. Fennoscandia, 2. Central–Western Europe, 3. Ireland–United Kingdom, 4. Iceland, 5. South-eastern Europe, 6. North Atlantic–Iberian Peninsula, 7. Central–Eastern Europe, 8. North Sea–BeneluxSU_CTi i=−1,8SummerAzores High, Asian Thermal LowCyclonic (−)1. Scandinavia, 2. Central Europe, 3. United Kingdom, 4. Iceland, 5. South-eastern Europe, 6. South-eastern Europe–Iberian Peninsula, 7. Eastern Europe, 8. Western ScandinaviaA_CTi i=+1,8AutumnIcelandic Low, Azores High Siberian HighAnticyclonic (+)1. Scandinavia, 2. Central Europe, 3. United Kingdom, 4. Iceland, 5. Eastern Europe, 6. Iberian Peninsula, 7. Eastern Mediterranean–Eastern Europe, 8. BeneluxA_CTi i=−1,8AutumnIcelandic Low, Azores High Siberian HighCyclonic (−)1. Scandinavia, 2. Central Mediterranean–Central Europe, 3. United Kingdom, 4. Iceland, 5. Eastern Europe, 6. Iberian Peninsula, 7. Eastern Mediterranean, 8. Western Scandinavia

Table 4. Contribution (%) of the CO sources to the European CO concentrations at surface, 500 hPa and 200 hPa in winter and summer of 2001

Contribution (%)Surface500 hPa200 hPaCO sourcesWinterSummerWinterSummerWinterSummerCO_FFEU16–7913–687–186–225–104–22CO_FFNA4–184–1210–189–136–113–14CO_FFAS6–205–1519–2512–1715–2213–30CO_FFRW<5<2<5<5<5<5CO_BBEU–0–34–<3%–<3%CO_BBNA<2<2––––CO_BBAS<2<5––––CO_BBAF, CO_BBSA, CO_BBOC<3–<6–––CO_CH45–2210–3222–3025–3528–3222–35CO_ISOP<64–186–89–128–109–13CO_ACET, CO_MONO, CO_MEOH<2%2–19<2%2–10<2%2–10

Global CO anthropogenic surface emissions (in molec/cm²/s). Black boxes depict the geographical regions considered in GEOS-CHEM tagged CO analysis; 1: Europe, 2: North America, 3: Asia, 4: Africa, 5: South America, 6: Oceania.

a) European domain (http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/topo/globegal.html#continents) where the 31 rural background stations are located. b) PC1, PC2 and PC3 station regions in Europe.

Table 5. Annual contribution (%) of CO_FFEU, CO_FFNA, CO_FFAS, CO_FFRW and LRT (sum of CO_FFNA, CO_FFAS and CO_FFRW) to CO budget at the three station regions (PCs) in 2001

RegionM_O
(ppbv) M_ES
(ppbv) MB
(ppbv)ME
(ppbv)R²
CO_FFEU
% CO_FFNA
% CO_FFAS
% CO_FFRW
% LRT
%PC1217.8221.9−4.132.90.8360.17.49.00.917.3PC2208.4236.4−28.049.10.5754.78.09.71.218.9PC3265.7255.310.435.40.6855.77.69.81.218.6

[i] Statistical parameters of the observed (O) and the estimated (ES) by the nested-grid simulation of GEOS-CHEM mean monthly CO concentrations in Europe are also presented. Statistical parameters equations can be found in Appendix S5.

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Table 6. Percentage contribution (%) of CO_FFNA, CO_FFAS and their sum (CO_FFLRT) in winter at each PC sub-region in relation to the frequency of occurrence (FO) of the circulation patterns in percentage (%)

PC1PC2PC3

CTFOCO_FFNACO_FFASCO_FFLRTCO_FFNACO_FFASCO_FFLRTCO_FFNACO_FFASCO_FFLRTW_CT1+22.25.27.112.36.07.513.56.19.615.7W_CT2+8.97.510.017.56.07.713.68.210.418.5W_CT3+0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0W_CT4+2.210.915.626.57.09.816.811.416.728.1W_CT5+6.73.96.210.25.88.013.86.19.115.2W_CT6+5.67.110.217.45.57.312.87.19.616.7W_CT7+12.24.86.711.45.97.913.86.69.315.9W_CT1−5.610.613.023.58.110.518.59.712.822.5W_CT2−8.910.912.623.512.814.927.78.09.817.8W_CT3−2.27.111.919.06.311.718.06.412.518.9W_CT4−7.89.913.022.910.813.824.510.614.224.8W_CT5−5.611.317.328.68.912.521.411.618.129.6W_CT6−11.19.611.521.110.011.821.88.39.818.1W_CT7−1.14.66.711.38.713.221.96.38.614.9

Frequency of occurrence of CTs in winter and summer of 2001 at a) SLP, b) 500 hPa, c) 200 hPa.

Table 7. Percentage contribution (%) of CO_FFNA, CO_FFAS and their sum (CO_FFLRT) in spring at each PC sub-region in relation to the frequency of occurrence (FO) of the circulation patterns in percentage (%)

PC1PC2PC3

CTFOCO_FFNACO_FFASCO_FFLRTCO_FFNACO_FFASCO_FFLRTCO_FFNACO_FFASCO_FFLRTSP_CT1+0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0SP_CT2+0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0SP_CT3+12.09.711.621.37.59.817.38.511.319.8SP_CT4+15.28.613.121.78.512.320.99.714.123.9SP_CT5+2.27.911.219.19.512.522.08.311.419.7SP_CT6+2.29.615.625.111.919.231.110.014.724.8SP_CT7+3.311.513.224.713.515.428.99.512.221.7SP_CT8+0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0SP_CT1−6.59.713.423.011.716.528.39.612.722.3SP_CT2−7.611.416.427.812.717.330.010.614.224.8SP_CT3−15.26.510.016.510.514.024.57.812.220.0SP_CT4−6.510.012.922.913.016.829.89.913.923.8SP_CT5−8.78.613.121.67.210.417.69.013.722.7SP_CT6−12.06.610.416.910.413.924.29.314.423.7SP_CT7−1.18.314.823.110.015.625.69.815.625.4SP_CT8−8.79.314.724.010.416.326.79.114.323.4

Table 8. Percentage contribution (%) of CO_FFNA, CO_FFAS and their sum (CO_FFLRT) in summer at each PC sub-region in relation to the frequency of occurrence (FO) of the circulation patterns in percentage (%)

PC1PC2PC3

CTFOCO_FFNACO_FFASCO_FFLRTCO_FFNACO_FFASCO_FFLRTCO_FFNACO_FFASCO_FFLRTSU_CT1+1.14.04.48.43.64.58.14.74.99.6SU_CT2+0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0SU_CT3+7.69.212.922.18.311.219.68.011.119.2SU_CT4+9.87.89.317.08.911.019.97.49.917.3SU_CT5+5.46.26.112.36.16.312.46.46.412.8SU_CT6+6.56.46.813.26.87.514.35.47.212.6SU_CT7+18.56.16.112.25.96.312.16.36.813.1SU_CT8+7.64.15.39.54.45.610.05.06.111.1SU_CT1−7.68.79.318.07.39.416.78.49.818.2SU_CT2−1.14.45.39.710.38.719.17.57.114.6SU_CT3−4.36.47.513.98.18.816.86.67.013.6SU_CT4−6.56.65.712.34.95.910.85.56.211.8SU_CT5−3.34.85.710.55.06.311.45.87.413.2SU_CT6−1.15.57.312.84.76.210.96.510.216.7SU_CT7−13.05.88.914.75.47.212.56.59.616.0SU_CT8−6.510.410.621.010.410.220.67.48.515.9

Time series of the mean daily concentrations of CO measurements (black squares) and modelled concentrations of CO_total (red line) and CO_FFEU (green line) in the left axis and LRT (sum of CO_FFNA, CO_FFAS and CO_FFRW, purple line) concentrations in the right axis in 2001 at a) PC1, b) PC2, c) PC3.

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Table 9. Percentage contribution (%) of CO_FFNA, CO_FFAS and their sum (CO_FFLRT) in autumn at each PC sub-region in relation to the frequency of occurrence (FO) of the circulation patterns in percentage (%)

PC1PC2PC3

CTFOCO_FFNACO_FFASCO_FFLRTCO_FFNACO_FFASCO_FFLRTCO_FFNACO_FFASCO_FFLRTA_CT1+0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0A_CT2+0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0A_CT3+19.89.210.419.66.97.714.69.09.718.6A_CT4+7.74.54.89.35.45.210.54.95.410.3A_CT5+7.78.35.513.810.98.018.88.26.414.6A_CT6+0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0A_CT7+11.09.86.716.59.88.017.87.76.814.5A_CT8+5.55.34.710.04.94.79.64.44.18.5A_CT1−8.810.98.919.98.07.315.39.48.618.0A_CT2−1.17.99.116.97.28.315.57.18.916.0A_CT3−5.54.44.38.75.24.910.15.14.69.7A_CT4−15.48.26.815.07.57.014.57.37.014.2A_CT5−0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0A_CT6−3.33.53.26.66.56.312.85.14.79.8A_CT7−4.45.44.810.25.35.610.85.55.611.1A_CT8−11.010.57.718.29.17.716.88.47.215.6

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v65i0.18640 | Journal eISSN: 1600-0889

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Language: English

Page range: 18640 - 18640

Submitted on: May 6, 2012

Accepted on: Mar 11, 2013

Published on: Jan 1, 2013

Published by: Stockholm University Press

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

Europe,

atmospheric circulation,

carbon monoxide,

long-range transport,

global model

© 2013 Anna P. Protonotariou, Effie Kostopoulou, Maria Tombrou, Christos Giannakopoulos, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 65 (2013): Issue 1

European CO budget and links with synoptic circulation based on GEOS-CHEM model simulations

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

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Fig. 3

Fig. 4

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