Fig. 1.
Geographic setting of the simulations. Left: boundaries and names of the six tagged regions; Japan (Jpn), East Asia (CKT), East Russia (Eru), South-east Asia (SEA), India (Ind), and Himalaya (Him). Right: Enlarged view of the Kanto plain, showing the location of the Narita International Airport (NRT). The inner and outer concentric circles indicate distances of 30 and 60 km from downtown Tokyo, respectively.
Fig. 2.
Time series of CO2 mixing ratios in 2007 observed (a) and simulated (b) at the 5-km altitude level over Narita. The line plot shows the daily variation, the open squares show the monthly mean, and the error bars show the monthly standard deviation. The model output is not given as absolute values of the CO2 mixing ratio but as the temporal variation of the deviation from an arbitrary initial value.
Fig. 3.
Vertical profiles of seasonal mean standard deviation of CO2 mixing ratios from a) CONTRAIL aircraft observations in 2007, b) simulations for the year 2007 using the NIES-TM version 05. The error bars indicate the inter-annual standard deviation for 2006–2008.
Table 1. Vertical/monthly mean standard deviation of CO2 (ppm) observed over Narita
[i] The standard deviation was not calculated for October in the planetary boundary layer (PBL), following the criterion based on time coverage and number of observations (see Section 3.1).
[ii] NA=not available.
Table 2. Vertical/monthly mean standard deviation of CO2 (ppm) simulated over Narita
Fig. 4.
Vertical profiles of the four seasonal mean standard deviations of the CO2 mixing ratios in 2007 from the tagged simulation experiment using the NIES-TM version 05. The scale is logarithmic. The description of the tracer names is given in Table 4.
Table 4. Names of the tracers used in the tagged-tracer simulation
[i] Description of fluxes is given in Section 2. The geographical setting and the boundaries of the regions are shown in Fig. 1.
Table 3. Vertical/seasonal correlation coefficients (R) of the standard deviation of CO2 originating from the global fossil fuel (FF) flux and the global terrestrial biosphere (TB) flux in the free troposphere (FT) over Narita
Fig. 5.
Time series of a) observed CO2 (scale on the left) and surface pressure (scale on the right) and b) simulated CO2 from each tagged flux in the 8–10-km altitude range over Narita. The description of the tracer names is given in Table 4.
Fig. 6.
Observed atmospheric CO2 concentration at different altitudes (scale on the left: 2–4 km, 4–6 km, 6–8 km, 8–10 km) and surface pressure (scale on the right) over Narita in June 2007.
Fig. 7.
Time series of a) CO2 distributions in ppm (colour shaded contours) simulated by the model at the 700 hPa (≃3 km) altitude level and b) surface weather charts of East Asia and Japan at 00h UTC, from 13 to 16 June 2007. CO2 values are standardised.
Fig. 8.
Contour plots of changes (%) in monthly CO2 standard deviation (SD) over Narita in response to a 100% increase of the anthropogenic flux from a) Japan and b) East Asia, and of the terrestrial biosphere (TB) flux from c) Japan, d) East Asia and e) East Russia. The contour plot of monthly CO2 SDs (ppm) simulated with the standard flux set is shown in Fig. 8f. Altitudinal resolution is 1 km.
