Primary biological aerosol particles in the atmosphere: a review

Particle types Examples Biological organisms or dispersal units (dead or alive, isolated or aggregated) Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, spores, pollen, lichen, archaea, viruses, etc. Solid fragments or excretions of biological organisms or dispersal units Detritus, microbial fragments, plant debris/leaf litter, animal tissue and excrements, brochosomes, etc.

Kingdom Superphylum Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Bacteria Firmicutes Bacilli Bacillales Bacillaceae Bacillus Bacillus subtilis Bacteria Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sphingomonas echinoides Bacteria Betaproteobacteria Bacteria Gammaproteobacteria Pseudomonadales Pseudomonadaceae Pseudomonas Pseudomonas syringae (which is also the main component of Snomax) Bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens Bacteria Pseudomonas viridiflava Bacteria Pseudomonas antarctica Bacteria Moraxellaceae Acinetobacter Bacteria Psychrobacter Bacteria Enterobacteriales Enterobacteriaceae Pantoea Pantoea agglomerans (formally called Enterobacter agglomeransor Erwinia herbicola) Bacteria Pectobacterium Pectobacterium carotovorum (formally called Erwinia carotovora) Bacteria Escherichia Escherichia coli Bacteria Xanthomonadales Xanthomonadaceae Xanthomonas Bacteria Luteimonas Bacteria Stenotrophomonas Bacteria Deltaproteobacteria Bacteria Epsilonproteobacteria Bacteria Chlamydiae/ Verrucomicrobia group Verrucomicrobia Bacteria Bacteroidetes/Chlorophobi group Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Flavobacteria Flavobacteriales Flavobacteriaceae Flavobacterium Bacteria Cyanobacteria Chroococcales Chroococcus Chroococcus limenticus Bacteria Cyanobacteria Nostocales Nostocaceae Nostoc Nostoc Muscorum Bacteria Cyanobacteria Oscillatoriales Lyngbya Lyngbya lagerheinii Bacteria Cyanobacteria Oscillatoriales Phormidiaceae Phormidium Phormidium fragile Bacteria Cyanobacteria Oscillatoriales Schizothrix Schizothrix purpurascens Bacteria Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria group Acidobacteria Bacteria Planctomycetes Bacteria Chlorophlexi Bacteria Actinobacteria Actinobacteria Actinomycetales Microbacteriaceae Microbacterium Bacteria Micrococcaceae Arthrobacter Arthrobacter agilis Bacteria Pseudonocardiaceae Saccharomonospora Saccharomonospora viridis Bacteria Streptomycetaceae Streptomyces Streptomyces albus Fungi Basidiomycota Fungi Ascomycota Dothideomycetes Capnodiales Davidiellaceae Cladosporium Cladosporium cladosporioides Fungi Cladosporium herbarum Fungi Eurotiomycetes Eurotiales Trichocomaceae Penicillium Penicillium brevicompactum Fungi Penicillium chrysogenum Fungi Penicillium digitatum Fungi Penicillium frequentes Fungi Penicillium melinii Fungi Penicillium minioluteum Fungi Penicillium notatum Fungi Aspergillus Aspergillus flavus Fungi Aspergillus fumigates Fungi Aspergillus versicolor Fungi Paecilomyces Paecilomyces variotii Fungi Leotiomycetes Erysiphales Erysiphaceae Blumeria Fungi Sordariomycetes Hypocreales Nectriaceae Fusarium Fusarium avanaceum Fungi Fusarium acuminatum Fungi Fusarium oxysporum Fungi Fusarium tricinctum Fungi Microascales Microascaseae Microascus Microascus brevicaulis (synonym: Scopulariopsis brevicaulis) Fungi ZygomycotaSubphylum: Mucoromycotina Zygomycetes Mucorales Mucoraceae Rhizopus Rhizopus stolonifera Plantae Chlorophyta Chlorophyceae Plantae Pinophyta Pinopsida Pinales Pinaceae Pinus (pine) Angiospermae Asparagales Amaryllidaceae Narcissus Asterales Asteraceae Ambrosia Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed) Caryophyllales Amaranthaceae Amaranthus Plantae Ericales Theaceae Camellia Camellia sinensis (Chinese tea) Plantae Fagales Betulaceae Betula (birch) Betula occidentalis (water birch) Plantae Alnus (alder) Plantae Fagaceae Quercus (oak) Plantae Lamiales Lamiaceae Salvia (sage) Plantae Malpighiales Salicaceae Populus (poplar) Populus nigra ‘italica’ (Lombardy poplar) Salix (willow) Plantae Poales Poaceae (true grasses) Agrostis Agrostis gigantea (red top grass) Plantae Poaceae (true grasses), subfamily: Pooideae Poa Poa pratensis (Kentucky bluegrass) Plantae Rhodophyta Porphyridiophyceae Porphyridiales Porphyridiaceae Porphyridium Porphyridium aerugineum Protista Seaweed Protista /Protozoa Dinoflagellata Dinophyceae Peridiniales Peridiniaceae Cachonina Cachonina Niei Chromalveolata Heterokontophyta Chrysophyceae Chromulinales Chromulinaceae Ochromonas Ochromonus danica Chromalveolata Heterokontophyta Xanthophyceae Archaea Crenarchaeota

Global emissions (Tg yr⁻¹) Size range References Bacteria 0.74 (0.4–1.8) Diameter: 1 µm (PM₁) Burrows et al. (2009b) 0.7 Diameter: 1 µm (PM₁) Hoose et al. (2010a) 2.58 Diameter: 1.17 µm A. Sesartic, personal communication 28.1 Lognormally distributed with geometric mean number diameter: 2 µm, standard deviation = 1.37 Jacobson and Streets (2009) Fungal spores 8 Diameter: 4 µm (PM₄) Sesartic and Dallafior (2011) 28 Two size modes: fine (<2.5 µm) and coarse (2.5–10 µm) (PM₁₀) Heald and Spracklen, (2009) 31 Diameter: 5 µm (PM₅) Hoose et al. (2010a) 50 Diameter: 5 µm (PM₅) Elbert et al. (2007) 186 Lognormally distributed with geometric mean number diameter: 3 µm, standard deviation = 1.37 Jacobson and Streets (2009) Pollen 47 Diameter: 30 µm (PM₃₀) Hoose et al. (2010a) 84 Lognormally distributed with geometric mean number diameter: 30 µm, standard deviation = 1.37 Jacobson and Streets (2009) Total PBAP <10 (dominated by plant debris and fungal spores), Diameter: 4 µm for fungal spores; diameter not specified for plant debris (TSP) Winiwarter et al. (2009) 56 (0–90) Diameter <2.5 µm (PM_2.5) Penner (1995) 78 (includes only bacteria, fungal spores and pollen) Diameters as above (PM₃₀) Hoose et al. (2010a) 186 Split equally into the two coarse size fractions: 2.5–5 and 5–10 µm (PM₁₀) Mahowald et al. (2008) 296 (includes only bacteria, fungal spores and pollen) Diameters as above Jacobson and Streets, (2009) ~1000 (includes cellular fragments) TSP Jaenicke (2005)

Number concentration [m⁻³ air] Mass concentration [µg m⁻³] Size range References Bacteria ~10⁴ ~0.1 PM₁₀ Bauer et al. (2002a); Burrows et al. (2009a) Plant debris (free cellulose) ~0.1–1 PM₁₀ Sánchez-Ochoa et al. (2007) Viral particles ~10⁴ ~10⁻³ This work, Sect. 2.4 Fungal spores ~10³–10⁴ ~0.1–1 TSP Elbert et al. (2007); Fröhlich-Nowoisky et al. (2009) Fungal hyphal fragments ~10³ Pady and Gregory (1963) Pollen ~10 (up to ~10³) ~1 TSP Sofiev et al. (2006); Fröhlich-Nowoisky et al. (2009) Algae ~100 (up to ~10³) ~10⁻³ Reisser (2002) Fern spores ~10 (up to ~10³) ~1 TSP Mücke and Lemmen (2008)

Measurements at subsaturation Measurements at supersaturation Diameter, D_ve–volume equivalent, D_gma. geometric mass aerodynamic, D_mma – mass median aerodynamic, D_a – aerodynamic Maximum growth factor at RH RH at which hygroscopic growth was measured Critical supersaturation CCN/CN ratio References BacteriaPseudomonas syringae, Erwinia herbicola n.a. – – activation observed at 0.5% n.a. Snider et al. (1985) Erwinia carotovora 3 µm (maximum cellular  dimension) – – 0.2% to 2.2% ≤ 0.5 Franc and DeMott (1998) Arthrobacter agilis 1.1 µm D_ve – – 0.11% 1.03±0.7 Bauer et al. (2003) “new species” 1.1 µm D_ve – – 0.11% 0.88±0.5 Bauer et al. (2003) Sphingomonas echinoides 1.2 µm D_ve – – 0.09% 0.92±0.6 Bauer et al. (2003) Sphingomonas echinoides – fixed 1.2 µm D_ve – – 0.07% 0.99±0.4 Bauer et al. (2003) Saccharomonospora viridis 1.15 µm D_gma 1.3 at 95% 95% – – Madelin and Johnson (1992) Streptomyces albus 1.15 µm D_gma 1.09 at 95% 95% – – Madelin and Johnson (1992) Bacillus subtilis 0.94 µm D_mma ~1.22 at 90% 10–90% – – Johnson et al. (1999) Pseudomonas syringae 0.89 µm D_mma ~1.15 at 90% 10–90% – – Johnson et al. (1999) Escherichia coli 0.63 µm D_a 1.34 at 98% 20–98% – – Lee et al. (2002) Bacillus subtilis 0.75 µm D_a 1.16 at 98% 20–98% – – Lee et al. (2002) Fungal sporesAspergillus flavus 3.3 µm D_gma 1.15 at 95% 95% – – Madelin and Johnson (1992) Aspergillus fumigatus 1.9 µm D_gma 1.16 at 98% 95 and 98% – – Madelin and Johnson (1992) Cladosporium cladosporioides 2.3 µm D_gma 1.12 at 98% 95 and 98% – – Madelin and Johnson (1992) Paecilomyces variotii 2.5 µm D_gma 1.06 at 98% 95 and 98% – – Madelin and Johnson (1992) Penicillium chrysogenum 2.6 µm D_gma 1.07 at 98% 95 and 98% – – Madelin and Johnson (1992) Penicillium minioluteum 1.6 µm D_gma 1.12 at 98% 95 and 98% – – Madelin and Johnson (1992) Scopulariopsis brevicaulis 5.1 µm D_gma 1.08 at 95% 95% – – Madelin and Johnson (1992) Penicillium brevicompactum 2.9 µm D_gma ~1.05 at 90% 30–100% – – Reponen et al. (1996) Penicillium melinii 2.4 µm D_gma ~1.08 at 90% 30–100% – – Reponen et al. (1996) Aspergillus versicolor 2.1 µm D_gma ~1.07 at 90% 30–100% – – Reponen et al. (1996) Aspergillus fumigatus 2.1 µm D_gma ~1.06 at 90% 30–100% – – Reponen et al. (1996) Cladosporium cladosporioides 1.8 µm D_gma ~1.04 at 90% 30–100% – – Reponen et al. (1996) Pollen various ragweed, amaranth-chenopod and grass pollens n.a. Mass increase by up to a factor of 2 ‘very dry’ to ‘moist’ – – Durham (1943) Ambrosia artemisiifolia 20 µm Effective density increase: 1.52 at 93–100%, no geometric growth 11–100% – – Harrington and Metzger (1963) various pollens (deciduous trees, conifers and grasses) 22 to 115 µm Mass increase by up to a factor of 4 at 95% 73 and 95% – – Diehl et al. (2001) Daffodil, water birch and pussy willow pollens 25 µm (birch pollens) Mass increase by up to a factor of 1.3 at 85% 2–~85% ≤0.002% (calculated) Pope (2010) Algal exudates (extracellular polymeric substances, EPS) Artificial seawater with diatomaceaous and nanoplancton exudates 40–105 nm ~2.5 at 92%, lower than for artificial seawater devoid of exudates 45–92% 0.1 to 0.5% for sizes between 40 and 105 nm – Fuentes et al. (2011) Artificial seawater with exudate of four different algal species 25–500 nm ~4 at 99%, lower than for artificial seawater devoid of exudates 75–99% 0.1 to 0.4% for diameters between 40 and 100 nm – Wex et al. (2010)

Species Highest T,°C where INA observed Active number fraction or active IN per unit mass at highest INA temperature Highest observed active fraction and corresponding temperature Freezing mode (Immersion freezing = If, Contact freezing = Ctf, Condensation freezing = Cdf) References Bacteria isolated from air or precipitationPseudomonas fluorescens isolated from leaves, lake/stream water and/or snow −10 0.02 0.94 (T=−16°C) If Maki and Willoughby (1978) Unidentified microbacterium isolated from air above the Arctic Ocean −4 0.05 1 (T = − 18°C) If Jayaweera and Flanagan (1982) Pseudomonas sp. isolated from air above the Arctic Ocean −9 0.1 n.a. If Jayaweera and Flanagan (1982) Pseudomonas syringae isolated from rain and hail −4 n.a. n.a. If Sands et al. (1982) Pseudomonas syringae and Erwinia herbicola isolated from air above plant canopies and bare soil −10 n.a. n.a. If Lindemann et al. (1982) Pseudomonas syringae isolated from air and rainwater sampled over a soybean field −5 n.a. n.a. If Constantinidou et al. (1990) Pseudomonas sp. isolated from cloud and rain water −21 to −29 n.a. n.a. If Ahern et al. (2007) Pseudomonas syringae isolated from rain, snow, alpine streams, lakes and wild plants −2 to −6 10⁻⁷ n.a. If Morris et al. (2008) Microbacterium, Xanthomonas, Bacillus, Acinetobacter, Luteimonas, Stenotrophomonas and unspecified bacteria isolated from snow −13 to −18 n.a. n.a. If Mortazavi et al. (2008) Bacteria isolated from air other habitats (list not exhaustive)Pseudomonas syringae −5 2·10⁻⁶ 5·10⁻⁵ (T = − 15°C) If Vali et al. (1976) Pseudomonas syringae, different strains –5 0.0043 to 10^–7 n.a. If Gross et al. (1983) Pseudomonas syringae strain 31R1 −1 10⁻⁸ 0.5 (T = − 12°C) If Lindow et al. (1989) Pseudomonas syringae −8±1 0.0032 n.a. If/Cdf Möhler et al. (2008) Pseudomonas viridiflava/Pseudomonas syringae mixture −9.7 0.005 n.a. If/Cdf Möhler et al. (2008) Pseudomonas syringae isolated from decaying alder leaves (Alnus tenuifolia) −3 10⁻⁶ 0.01(T = − 20°C) If Maki et al. (1974) Pseudomonas sp. isolated from the guts of sub-Antartic beetles −3.4 10⁻⁶ n.a. If Worland and Block (1999) Pseudomonas Antarctica −4 10⁻⁷ 0.2 (T = − 10°C) If Obata et al. (1999) Erwinia herbicola −9±1 0.0007 n.a. If/Cdf Möhler et al. (2008) Erwinia herbicola, cell-free centrifuged suspensions −3 n.a. n.a. If Phelps et al. (1986) M1 −3 10⁻⁶ 0.01 (T = − 10°C) If Yankofsky et al. (1981) M1 −3 n.a. n.a. Ctf Levin and Yankofsky (1983) M1 −3 n.a. n.a. If Levin and Yankofsky (1983) Flavobacterium sp., Psychrobacter sp., and Sphingomonas sp. isolated from permafrost soil n.a. n.a. 4·10⁻⁷ (T = − 10°C) If Ponder et al. (2005) Snomax −5.6 0.01 0.23 (T = − 8±1°C) If/Cdf Möhler et al. (2008) Snomax −4 1.3·10¹² g⁻¹ 5.5·10¹² g⁻¹ (T = − 12°C) Cdf Ward and DeMott (1989) Snomax −5.3 n.a. n.a. If Wood et al. (2002) Snomax −26, Rhi = 116±6% 0.001–0.01 n.a. Deposition nucleation (no experiments at warmer T) Chernoff and Bertram (2010) INA bacteria on oat leaves −2.5 10⁻⁷ 0.008 (T < − 4°C) If Hirano et al. (1985) several representative Arctic and Antarctic sea-ice bacterial isolates −40 to −42 n.a. n.a. If Junge and Swanson (2008) LichensRhizoplaca chrysoleuca (the most active of 15 investigated lichen species) −2.3 10³ g⁻¹, grinded material 10⁸ g⁻¹ (T = − 3C), grinded material If Kieft (1988) Psora decipiens (the least active of 15 investigated lichen species) −8 10³ g⁻¹, grinded material 10⁵ g⁻¹ (T = − 12 °C), grinded material If Kieft (1988) 18 lichen mycobionts −4.1 to −10 n.a. n.a. If Kieft and Ahmadjian (1989) Lecanora dispersa (lichen fungus) −4.2 ~10⁴ g⁻¹ ~7·10⁷ g⁻¹ (T = − 8 °C) If Kieft and Ahmadjian (1989) Cladonia cristatella (lichen fungus) −6.3 ~10⁶ g⁻¹ ~5·10⁶ g⁻¹( (T = − 12 °C) If Kieft and Ahmadjian (1989) Ascospora fuscata (lichen fungus) −9.1 ~2·10⁴ g⁻¹ ~2·10⁵ g⁻¹ (T = − 12°C) If Kieft and Ahmadjian (1989) Rhizoplaca chrysoleuca (lichen fungus), different clones −4.6 to −4.8 10⁴ to 2·10⁵ g⁻¹ ~2·10⁷ g⁻¹ (T = − 12°C) If Kieft and Ahmadjian (1989) 13 lichen photobionts −5.1 to −16 n.a. n.a. If Kieft and Ahmadjian (1989) Trebouxia incrustata (lichen photobiont) −9.1 ~2·10⁴ g⁻¹ ~6·10⁴ g⁻¹ (T = − 12°C) If Kieft and Ahmadjian (1989) Trebouxia erici (lichen photobiont) −9.2 ~6·10⁵ g⁻¹ ~10⁶ g⁻¹ (T = − 12°C) If Kieft and Ahmadjian (1989) Trebouxia sp. (lichen photobiont) −6 ~6·10⁴ g⁻¹ ~10⁶ g⁻¹ (T = − 12°C) If Kieft and Ahmadjian (1989) Unspecified lichen fragments from Norway, Faroe Islands, Ethiopia, UK, Australia, Antartica −5.1 n.a. n.a. If Henderson-Begg et al. (2009) FungiPenicillium digitatum spores isolated from air −10 0.01 n.a. If Jayaweera and Flanagan (1982) Cladosporium herbarum spores isolated from air −15 0.01 n.a. If Jayaweera and Flanagan (1982) Penicillium notatum spores isolated from air −22 0.01 n.a. If Jayaweera and Flanagan (1982) Penicillium frequentes spores isolated from air −22.5 0.01 n.a. If Jayaweera and Flanagan (1982) Rhizopus stolonifera spores isolated from air −23 0.01 n.a. If Jayaweera and Flanagan (1982) Fusarium avanaceum −2.5 10⁵ g⁻¹ 10¹¹ g⁻¹ (T = − 10°C) If Pouleur et al. (1992) Fusarium acuminatum −5 n.a. n.a. If Pouleur et al. (1992) Fusarium sp. isolated from the guts of insect larvae −5 n.a. n.a. If Tsumuki et al. (1992) Fusarium oxysporum (12 out of 42 isolates, from plants) −1 n.a. n.a. If Richard et al. (1996) Fusarium tricinctum (8 out of 14 isolates, from plants and soil) −1 n.a. n.a. If Richard et al. (1996) Cladosporium spores −28.5 ~0.002 0.2 to 1 (T = − 35°C) If Iannone et al. (2011) Pollen Pine pollen −8 0.1 0.9 (T = − 18°C) Cdf Diehl et al. (2001) Pine pollen −16 n.a. n.a. If Diehl et al. (2002) Pine pollen −12 n.a. n.a. Ctf Diehl et al. (2002) Birch pollen −8 0.04 0.98 (T = − 18°C) Cdf Diehl et al. (2001) Birch pollen −10 n.a. n.a. If Diehl et al. (2002) Birch pollen −6 n.a. n.a. Ctf Diehl et al. (2002) Oak pollen −8 0.03 0.5 (T = − 18°C) Cdf Diehl et al. (2001) Oak pollen −14 n.a. n.a. If Diehl et al. (2002) Oak pollen −10 n.a. n.a. Ctf Diehl et al. (2002) Grass pollen −8 0.02 0.8 (T = − 18°C) Cdf Diehl et al. (2001) Grass pollen −14 n.a. n.a. If Diehl et al. (2002) Grass pollen −10 n.a. n.a. Ctf Diehl et al. (2002) Alder pollen −10 n.a. n.a. If von Blohn et al. (2005) Alder pollen −10 n.a. n.a. Ctf von Blohn et al. (2005) Lombardy poplar pollen −18 n.a. n.a. If von Blohn et al. (2005) Lombardy poplar pollen −14 n.a. n.a. Ctf von Blohn et al. (2005) Redtop grass pollen −16 n.a. n.a. If von Blohn et al. (2005) Redtop grass pollen −16 n.a. n.a. Ctf von Blohn et al. (2005) Kentucky blue pollen −14 n.a. n.a. If von Blohn et al. (2005) Kentucky blue pollen −10 n.a. n.a. Ctf von Blohn et al. (2005) Various pollen, including crushed pollen no IN observed − − Deposition nucleation Diehl et al. (2001) Algae 25 algae species isolated from Antarctic soils −5 (>-8 for 4 out of 25 species) n.a. n.a. If Worland and Lukesova (2000) Seaweed (8 species) −7 n.a. n.a. If Lundheim (1997) Leaf litter Poplar mulch −5 ~10⁵ g⁻¹ ~5·10⁹ g⁻¹ (T = − 15°C) If Schnell and Vali (1972) Sage leaf litter −6 ~10³ g⁻¹ ~10⁷ g⁻¹ (T = − 17°C) If Schnell and Vali (1972) Green poplar leaves −9 ~2·10² g⁻¹ ~2·10⁴ g⁻¹ (T = − 17°C) If Schnell and Vali (1972) Leaf litter of several trees and grasses in tropical climate zones −7 ~10² g⁻¹ ~4·10⁴ g⁻¹ (T = − 18°C) If Schnell and Vali (1976) Leaf litter of several trees and grasses in humid mesothermal climate zones −6 ~10² g⁻¹ ~4·10⁸ g⁻¹ (T = − 23°C) If Schnell and Vali (1976) Leaf litter of several trees and grasses in humid microthermal climate zones −4 ~10² g⁻¹ ~4·10¹⁰ g⁻¹ (T = − 22°C) If Schnell and Vali (1976) Tea leaf litter −5 10² g⁻¹ ~5·10⁴ g⁻¹ (T = − 12°C) If Schnell and Tan-Schnell (1982) PlanktonCachonina Niei −3 10² g⁻¹ ~1 (T = − 14°C); 10⁶ g⁻¹ (T = − 10°C) If Schnell (1975) Ochromonus danica and Porphyridium aerugineum >− 15 n.a. n.a. If Schnell (1975) Unspecified mixture of 95% phytoplankton, 5% zooplankton and associated debris −3.5 10² g⁻¹ 10⁶ g⁻¹ (T = − 10°C) If Schnell and Vali (1975)

AMS Aerodyne Mass Spectrometer ATOFMS TSI Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer ATP Adenosine Triphosphate BAMS Bioaerosol Mass Spectrometry Bp Base Pairs BS Break-Down Spectroscopy CCN Cloud Condensation Nuclei CFU Colony Forming Units DAPI 4.6-diamidino-2-phenylindole ddNTP dideoxynucleotidetriphophate DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid dNTP deoxynucleotidetriphosphate EPS Exopolymer Secretions FBAP Fluorescent Biological Aerosol Particles FISH Fluorescent in-situ hybridization GF Growth Factor Hulis Humic Like Substances IN Ice Nuclei INA Ice Nucleation Active IPCC Intergovernmental panel on climate change ISI Institute for Scientific Information ITS Internal Transcribed Spacer LDD Long Distance Dispersal LIBS Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy LIDAR LIght Detection And Ranging MALDI-TOF Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight MS Mass Spectrometry NCBI National Center for Biotechnology Information OC Organic Carbon PBAP Primary Biological Aerosol Particles PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction PIXE Particle-Induced x-ray Emission PM Patriculate Matter RH Relative Humidity RNA Ribonucleic Acid rRNA Ribosomal RNA SEM Scanning Electron Microscopy SIBS Spark-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy SOA Secondary Organic Aerosol STXM Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy with Near-Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure TIRFM Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy T-RFLP Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism TSP Total Suspended Particles UV Ultraviolet Light UV-APS Ultraviolet Aerodynamic Particle Sizer WIBS Wide Issue Bioaerosol Spectrometer

AMS Aerodyne Mass Spectrometer ATOFMS TSI Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer ATP Adenosine Triphosphate BAMS Bioaerosol Mass Spectrometry Bp Base Pairs BS Break-Down Spectroscopy CCN Cloud Condensation Nuclei CFU Colony Forming Units DAPI 4.6-diamidino-2-phenylindole ddNTP dideoxynucleotidetriphophate DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid dNTP deoxynucleotidetriphosphate EPS Exopolymer Secretions FBAP Fluorescent Biological Aerosol Particles FISH Fluorescent in-situ hybridization GF Growth Factor Hulis Humic Like Substances IN Ice Nuclei INA Ice Nucleation Active IPCC Intergovernmental panel on climate change ISI Institute for Scientific Information ITS Internal Transcribed Spacer LDD Long Distance Dispersal LIBS Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy LIDAR LIght Detection And Ranging MALDI-TOF Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight MS Mass Spectrometry NCBI National Center for Biotechnology Information OC Organic Carbon PBAP Primary Biological Aerosol Particles PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction PIXE Particle-Induced x-ray Emission PM Patriculate Matter RH Relative Humidity RNA Ribonucleic Acid rRNA Ribosomal RNA SEM Scanning Electron Microscopy SIBS Spark-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy SOA Secondary Organic Aerosol STXM Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy with Near-Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure TIRFM Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy T-RFLP Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism TSP Total Suspended Particles UV Ultraviolet Light UV-APS Ultraviolet Aerodynamic Particle Sizer WIBS Wide Issue Bioaerosol Spectrometer