Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Long-term lidar observations of polar stratospheric clouds at Esrange in northern Sweden Cover

Long-term lidar observations of polar stratospheric clouds at Esrange in northern Sweden

Open Access
|Jan 2005

References

  1. Biele , J. , Beyerle , G. and Baumgarten , G . 2000 . Polarization lidar: corrections of instrumental effects . Opt. Express 7 , 427 435 .
  2. Biele , J. , Tsias , A. , Luo , B. R , Carslaw , K. S. , Neuber , R. and co-authors 2001. Nonequilibrium coexistence of solid and liquid particles in Arctic stratospheric clouds. J. Geophys. Res . 106 , 22991-23 007.
  3. Blum , U . 2003. Lidarbeobachtungen der Polaren Atmosphiire: Wolken und Wellen—Phiinomene und Mechanismen. PhD Thesis BONN-IR-2003-11. Universität Bonn, Bonn.
  4. Blum , U. and Fricke , K. H . 2005 . The Bonn University Lidar at the Es-range: technical description and capabilities for atmospheric research . Ann. Geophys . 23 , 1645 1658 .
  5. Blum , U. , Fricke , K. H. , Baumgarten , G. and Schoch , A . 2004 . Simultaneous lidar observations of temperatures and waves in the polar middle atmosphere on the east and west side of the Scandinavian mountains: a case study on 19/20 January 2003 . Atmos. Chem. Phys . 4 , 809 816 .
  6. Browell , E. V , Butler , C. E , Ismail , S. , Robinette , P. A. , Carter , A. F. and co-authors 1990. Airborne lidar observations in the wintertime Arctic stratosphere: polar stratospheric clouds. Geophys. Res. Lett. 17, 385 388.
  7. Carslaw , K. S. , Kettleborough , J. A. , Northway , M. J. , Davies , S. , Gao , R.-S. and co-authors 2002. A vortex-scale simulation of the growth and sedimentation of large nitric acid hydrate particles. J. Geophys. Res . 107 , 10.1029/2001JD000467 .
  8. Carslaw , K. S. , Wirth , M. , Tsias , A. , Luo , B. P. , Dornbrack , A. and co-authors 1998a. Particle microphysics and chemistry in remotely observed mountain polar stratospheric clouds. J. Geophys. Res . 103 , 5785 5796 .
  9. Carslaw , K. S. , Wirth , M. , Tsias , A. , Luo , B. P. , Dornbrack , A. and co-authors 1998b. Increased stratospheric ozone depletion due to mountain-induced atmospheric waves. Nature 391, 675 678.
  10. Crutzen , P. and Arnold , E 1986 . Nitric acid cloud formation in the cold Antarctic stratosphere: a major cause for springtime ‘ozone hole’ . Nature 324 , 651 655 .
  11. Deshler , T. , Larsen , N. , Weissner , C. , Schreiner , J. , Mauersberger , K. and co-authors 2003. Large nitric acid particles at the top of an Arctic stratospheric cloud. J. Geophys. Res . 108 , 10.1029/2003JD003479 .
  12. di Sarra, A., Cacciani, M., Fiocco, G., Fuh, D. and Jorgensen, T. S . 2002. Lidar observations of polar stratospheric clouds over northern Green-land in the period 1990-1997. J. Geophys. Res . 107 , 10.1029/2001JD001074 .
  13. Dörnbrack , A. , Birner , T. , Fix , A. , Flentje , H. , Meister , A. and co-authors 2002. Evidence for inertia gravity waves forming polar stratospheric clouds over Scandinavia. J. Geophys. Res . 107 , 10.1029/2001JD000452 .
  14. Dörnbrack , A. and Leutbecher , M . 2001 . Relevance of mountain waves for the formation of polar stratospheric clouds over Scandinavia: a 20 year climatology . J. Geophys. Res . 106 , 1583 1593 .
  15. Drdla , K. and Browell , E. V . 2004. Microphysical modelling of the 1999-2000 arctic winter: 3. Impact of homogeneous freezing on polar stratospheric clouds. J. Geophys. Res . 109 , 10.1029/2003JDO004352 .
  16. Fahey , D. W. , Gao , F. S. , Carslow , K. S. , Kletteborough , J. , Popp , P. J. and co-authors 2001. The detection of large HNO3-containing particles in the winter arctic stratosphere. Science 291, 1026 1031 .
  17. Fritts , D. C. , 1984 . Gravity wave saturation in the middle atmosphere: a review of theory and observations . Rev. Geophys . 22 ( 3 ), 275 308 .
  18. Fromm , M. , Alfred , J. and Pitts , M . 2003 . A unified, long-term, high-latitude stratospheric aerosol and cloud database using SAM 11, SAGE 11, and POAM II/BI data: algorithm description, database definition, and climatology . J. Geophys. Res . 108 , 4366 , 10.1029/2002JD002772 .
  19. Gille , J. C. , Bailey , P. L. and Craig , C. A . 1996 . Revised reference model for nitric acid . Adv. Space Res . 18 ( 9/10 ), 125 138 .
  20. Hanson , D. and Mauersberger , K . 1988 . Laboratory studies of the nitric acid trihydrate: implications for the south polar stratosphere . Geophys. Res. Lett . 15 , 855 858 .
  21. Höpfner , M. , Stiller , G. , von Claremann , T. , Fischer , H. , Luo , B. and co-authors 2005. Evidence for fl-NAT in MIPAS mid-infrared limb emission spectra of PSCs by new refractive index data. Geophys. Res. Abstr 7, 08395.
  22. Labitzke , K. and Naujokat , B . 2000 . The lower Arctic stratosphere in winter since 1952 . SPARC Newsletter 15 , 11 14 .
  23. Labitzke , K. , Naujolcat , B. and Kunze , M . 2005 . The lower Arctic strato-sphere in winter since 1952: an update . SPARC Newsletter 24 , 27 28 .
  24. Luo , B. P. , Voigt , C. , Flueglistaler , S. and Peter , T . 2003. Extreme NAT supersaturation in mountain wave ice PSCs: a clue to NAT formation. J. Geophys. Res . 108 , 10.1029/2002JDO03104 .
  25. MacKenzie , A. R . 1995 . On the theories of type 1 polar stratospheric cloud formation . J. Geophys. Res . 100 , 11 275-11 288 .
  26. McCormick , M. P. , Steel , H. M. , Hamill , P. , Chu , W. P. and Swissler , T. J . 1982 . Polar stratospheric cloud sightings by SAM II. J. Atmos. Sc i . 39 , 1387 1397 .
  27. Müller , K.-P. , Langer , M. , Romke , K. and Fricke , K. H . 1995 . PSCs and Aerosol Above AndOya during Sesame Winters 1993/94 and 1994/95 . Air Pollution Report 56. European Commission , Luxembourg , 122 125 .
  28. Müller , M. , Neuber , R. , Massoli , P. , Cairo , F. , Adriani , A. and co-authors 2004. Differences in Arctic and Antarctic PSC occurrence as observed by lidar in Ny-Alesund (79°N, 12°E) and McMurdo (78°S, 167°E). Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 4, 6837 6866.
  29. Murray , F. W . 1967 . On the computation of saturation vapor pressure . J. Appl Meteorol 6 , 203 204 .
  30. Naujokat , B. and Grunow , K . 2003. The stratospheric Arctic winter 2002/03: balloon flight planning by trajectory calculations. Proceed-ings of the 16th ESA Symposium on European Rocket and Balloon Programmes and Related Research, St Gallen, Switzerland, 2003, ESA-SP-530, ESA Publication Division, Noordwijk, The Nether-lands, 421 425
  31. Naujokat , B. , Kruger , K. , Matthes , K. , Hoffmann , J. , Kunze , M. and co-author 2002. The early major warming in December 2001—exceptional? Geophys. Res. Lett. 29, 2023, 10.1029/2002GL015316 .
  32. Peter , T . 1997 . Microphysics and heterogeneous chemistry of polar stratospheric clouds . Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem . 48 , 785 822 .
  33. Pool , L. R. and McCormick , M. P . 1988 . Airborne lidar observations of Arctic polar stratospheric clouds: indications of two distinct growth stages . Geophys. Res. Lett . 15 , 21 23 .
  34. Pool , L. R. and Pitts , M. C . 1994 . Polar stratospheric cloud climatology based on Stratospheric Aerosol Measurements II observations from 1978 to 1989 . J. Geophys. Res . 99 , 13 083-13 089 .
  35. Santacesaria , V. , MacKenzie , A. R. and Stefanutti , L . 2001 . A clima-tological study of polar stratospheric clouds (1989-1997) from lidar measurements over Dumont d'Urville (Antarctica) . Tellus 53B , 306 321 .
  36. Siebert , J. , Timmis , C. , Vaughan , G. and Fricke , K. H . 2000 . A strange cloud in the Arctic summer stratosphere 1998 above Esrange (68°N), Sweden . Ann. Geophys . 18 , 505 509 .
  37. Solomon , S . 1999 . Stratospheric ozone depletion: a review of concepts and history . Rev. Geophys . 37 , 275 316 .
  38. Spang , R. , Riese , M. and Offermann , D . 2001 . CRISTA-2 observations of the south polar vortex in winter 1997: a new dataset for polar process studies . Geophys. Res. Lett . 28 , 3159 3162 .
  39. Steel , H. M. , Hamill , P. , McCormick , M. P. and Swissler , T. J . 1983 . The formation of polar stratospheric clouds. J. Atmos. Sc i . 40 , 2055 2067 .
  40. Stein , B. , Wedekind , C. , Wille , H. , Immler , F. , Muller , M. and co-authors 1999. Optical classification, existence temperatures, and coexistence of different polar stratospheric cloud types. J. Geophys. Res . 104 , 23983 23993.
  41. Størmer , C. , 1929 . Remarkable clouds at high altitudes . Nature 123 , 260 261 .
  42. Tabazadeh , A. and Toon , O. B . 1996 . The presence of metastable HNO3/H20 solid phase in the stratosphere inferred from ER 2 data . J. Geophys. Res . 101 , 9071 9078 .
  43. Toon , O. B. , Hamill , P. , Turco , R. P. and Pinto , J . 1986 . Condensation of HNO3 and HC1 in the winter polar stratospheres . Geophys. Res. Lett . 13 , 1284 1287 .
  44. Toon , O. B. , Tabazadeh , A. , Browell , E. V. and Jordan , J . 2000 . Anal-ysis of lidar observations of Arctic polar stratospheric clouds during January 1989 . J. Geophys. Res . 105 , 20 589-20 615 .
  45. Toon , O. B. and Tolbert , M. A . 1995 . Spectroscopic evidence against nitric acid trihydrate in polar stratospheric clouds . Nature 375 , 218 221 .
  46. Tsias , A. , Wirth , M. , Carslaw , K. S. , Biele , J. , Mehrtens , H. and co-authors 1999. Aircraft lidar observations of an enhanced type Ia polar stratospheric clouds during APE-POLECAT. J. Geophys. Res . 104 , 23961 23969.
  47. Voigt , C. , Schreiner , J. , Kohlmann , A. , Zink , P. , Mauersberger , K. and co-authors 2000. Nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) in polar stratospheric clouds . Science 290 , 1756– 1758 .
  48. Volkert , H. and Intes , D . 1992 . Orographically forced stratospheric waves over northern Scandinavia . Geophys. Res. Lett . 19 , 1205 1208 .
  49. Young , A. T. , 1980 . Revised depolarization corrections for atmospheric extinction . Appl Optics 19 , 3427 3428 .
Language: English
Page range: 412 - 422
Submitted on: Nov 15, 2004
Accepted on: May 30, 2005
Published on: Jan 1, 2005
Published by: Stockholm University Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 2005 U. Blum, K. H. Fricke, K. P. Müller, J . Siebert, G. Baumgarten, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.