Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Effect of wind waves on air–sea gas exchange: proposal of an overall CO2 transfer velocity formula as a function of breaking-wave parameter Cover

Effect of wind waves on air–sea gas exchange: proposal of an overall CO2 transfer velocity formula as a function of breaking-wave parameter

By: ,  ,   and    
Open Access
|Jan 2003

References

  1. Agrawal , Y. C. , Terray , E. A. , Donelan , M. A. , Hwang , P. A. , Williams , A. J. , Drennan , W. , Kahm , K. and Kitaig-orodslcii, S. 1992. Enhanced dissipation of kinetic energy beneath breaking waves. Nature 359, 219 220.
  2. Asher , W. E. , Kane , L. M. , Higgins , B. J. , Farley , P. J. , Monahan , E. C. and Leifer , I. S. 1996. The influence of bubble plumes on air-seawater gas transfer velocities. J. Geophys. Res . 101 , 12027 12041.
  3. Bock , E. J. , Hara , T. , Frew , N. M. and McGillis , W. R. 1999. Relationship between air—sea gas transfer and short wind waves. J. Geophys. Res . 104 C11, 25 821-25 831.
  4. Broecker , H. C. , Petermann , J. and Siems , W. 1978. The influence of wind on CO2 exchange in a wind-wave tunnel, including the effects of monolayers. J. Marine Res. 36, 595 610.
  5. Clark , J. F. , Schlosser , R , Wanninlchof , R. , Simpson, H. J. and William, S. F. 1995. Gas transfer velocities for SF6 and 3He in a small pond at low wind speeds. Geophys. Res. Lett. 22, 93 96.
  6. Csanady , G. T . 1990 . The role of breaking wavelets in air-sea gas transfer . J. Geophys. Res . 95 , 749 759 .
  7. Deacon , E. L . 1981 . Sea—air gas transfer: The wind speed dependence . Boundary Layer Meteorol . 21 , 31 37 .
  8. De Leeuw , G. , Kunz , G. J. , Caulliez , G. , Woolf , D. K. , Bowyer , P. , Leifer , L. , Nightingale , P. , Liddiccat , M. , Rhee , T. S. , Andreae, M. 0., Larsen, S. E., Hansen, F. and Lund, S. 2001. LUMINY - An overview. In: Gas transfer at water surface (eds. M. A. Donelan, W. M. Drennan, E. S. Saltzman and R. Wanninkhof). American Geophysical Union, 291 294
  9. Donelan , M. A. and Drennan , W. M . 1995 . Direct field mea-surements of the flux of carbon dioxide . In: Air-water gas transfer (eds. B. Jähne and E. C. Monahan). AEON Verlag & Studio , Hanau , 677 683 .
  10. Hartman , B. and Hammond , D. E . 1984 . Gas exchange rates across the sediment-water and air-water interfaces in south San Francisco Bay . J. Geophys. Res . 89 , 3593 3603 .
  11. Hasse , L. and Liss , P. S . 1980 . Gas exchange across the air-sea interface . Tellus 32 , 470 481 .
  12. Jähne , B. , Wais , T. , Memery , L. , Caulliez , G. , Merlivat , L. , Miinnich , K. O. and Coantic , M. 1985. He and Rn gas exchange experiments in the large wind-wave facility of IMST. J. Geophys. Res . 90 , 11989 11997.
  13. Jähne , B. , Munnich , K. O. , Bosinger , R. , Dutzi , A. , Huber , W. and Libner , P. 1987. On the parameters influencing air-water gas exchange . J. Geophys. Res . 92 , 1937– 1949 .
  14. Jähne , B. , Libner , R , Fischer , R. , Billen , T. and Plate , E. J. 1989. Investigating the transfer process across the free aqueous viscous boundary layer by the controlled flux method. Tellus 41B, 177 195.
  15. Kitaigorodskii , S. A . 1984 . On the field dynamical theory of turbulent gas transfer across an air-sea interface in the presence of breaking waves . J. Phys. Oceanogr . 14 , 960 972 .
  16. Komori , S. and Shimada , T . 1995. Gas transfer across a wind-driven air-water interface and the effects of sea water on CO2 transfer. In: Air-water gas transfer (eds. B. Jähne and E. C. Monahan ). AEON Verlag and Studio, 553 569
  17. Komori , S. and Misumi , R . 2001. The effects of bubbles on mass transfer across the breaking air-water interface. In: Gas transfer at water surfaces (eds. M. A. Donelan , W. M. Drennan , E. S. Saltzman and R. Wanninlchof ), Geophysical Monograph Ser. 127. AGU, 285 290
  18. Komori , S. , Nagaosa , R. and Murakami , Y . 1993 . Turbulence structure and mass transfer across a sheared air-water in-terface in a wind-driven turbulence . J. Fluid Mech . 249 , 161 183 .
  19. Komori , S. , Shimada , T. and Misumi , R . 1999 . Turbulence structure and mass transfer at a wind-driven air-water in-terface . In: Wind-over-wave couplings (eds. S. G. Sajjadi , N. H. Thomas and J. C. R. Hunt). Oxford University Press , 273 285 .
  20. Liss , P. S. and Merlivat , L. 1986. Air-sea gas exchange rates: Introduction and synthesis. In: The role of air-sea ex-change in geochemical cycling (ed. P. Buat-Menard). D. Reidel, Hingham, Mass, USA, 113 129
  21. McGillis , W. R. , Edson , J. B. , Hare , J. E. and Fairall , C. W. 2001. Direct covariance air-sea CO2 fluxes. J. Geophys. Res . 106 , 16729-16 745.
  22. Merlivat , L. and Memery , L . 1983 . Gas exchange across a air-water interface: experimental results and modeling of bubble contribution to transfer . J. Geophys. Res . 88 , 707 724 .
  23. Monahan , E. C. and Spillane , M. C . 1984. The role of oceanic whitecaps in air-sea gas exchange. In: Gas transfer at wa-ter surfaces (eds. W. Brutsaert and G. H. Jirka ). D. Reidel, Hingham, Mass, USA, 495 503
  24. Nightingale , P. D. , Malin , G. , Law , C. S. , Watson , A. J. , Liss , P. S. , Liddicoat , M. L. , Boutin , J. and Upstill-Goddard , R. C . 2000 . In situ evaluation of air-sea gas exchange param-eterizations using novel conservative and volatile tracers . Global Biogeochem. Cycles 14 , 373 387 .
  25. Ocampo-Torres , F. J. and Donelan , M. A . 1995 . On the influ-ence of fetch and the wave field on the CO2 transfer pro-cess: Laboratory measurements . In: Air-water gas transfer (eds. B. Jähne and E. C. Monahan). AEON Verlag & Stu-dio , Hanau , 543 552 .
  26. Ocampo-Torres , F. J. , Donelan , M. A. , Merzi , N. and Jia , F . 1994 . Laboratory measurements of mass transfer of car-bon dioxide and water vapour for smooth and rough flow conditions . Tellus 46B , 16 32 .
  27. Peng , T. H. , Broecker , W. S. , Mathieu , G. G. , Li , Y. H. and Bainbridge , A. E . 1979 . Radon evasion rates in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans as determined during the GEOSECS program . J. Geophys. Res . 84 , 2471 2486 .
  28. Slinn , W. G. N. , Hasse , L. , Hicks , B. B. , Hogan , A. W. , Lai , D. , Liss , P. S. , Munnich , K.O. , Sehmel, G. A. and Vittori, 0. 1978. Some aspects of the transfer of atmospheric trace constituents past the air-sea interface. Atmos. Environ. 12, 2055 2087.
  29. Smethie , W. M. , Takahashi , T. and Chipman , D. W . 1985 . Gas exchange and CO2 Flux in the tropical Atlantic ocean determined from 222Ril and pCO2 measurements . J. Geo-phys. Res . 90 , 7005 7022 .
  30. Takahashi , T. , Feely , R. A. , Weiss , R. F. , Wanninlchof , R. H. , Chipman , D. W. , Sutherland , S. C. and Takahashi , T. T . 1997 . Global air-sea flux of CO2: An estimate based on measurements of sea-air pCO2 difference . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94 , 8292 8299 .
  31. Tans , P. P. , Fung , I. Y. and Takahashi , T. 1990. Observational constraints on the global atmospheric CO2 budget. Science 247, 1431 1438.
  32. Toba , Y . 1988 . Similarity laws of the wind wave and the cou-pling process of the air and the water turbulent boundary layers . Fluid Dyn. Res . 2 , 263 279 .
  33. Toba , Y. and Koga , M . 1986 . A parameter describing over-all conditions of wave breaking, whitecapping, sea-spray production and wind stress . In: Oceanic whitecaps (eds. E. C. Monahan and G. Mac Niocaill). D. Reidel Publishing Company , Dordrecht , 37 47 .
  34. Toba , Y. and Kawamura , H . 1996 . Wind-wave coupled downward-bursting boundary layer (DBBL) beneath the sea surface . J. Oceanogr . 52 , 409 419 .
  35. Upstill-Goddard , R. C. , Watson , A. J. , Liss , P. S. and Liddi-coat , M. I . 1990 . Gas transfer velocities in lakes measured with SF6 . Tellus 42B , 364 377 .
  36. Wallace , D. W. R. and Wirick , C. D . 1992 . Large air-sea gas fluxes associated with breaking waves . Nature 356 , 694 696 .
  37. Wanninkhof , R . 1992 . Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean . J. Geophys. Res . 97 C5 , 7373 7382 .
  38. Wanninkhof , R. and Bliven , L . 1991 . Relationship between gas exchange, wind speed, and radar bacicscatter in a large wind—wave tank . J. Geophys. Res . 96 , 2785 2796 .
  39. Wanninkhof , R. and McGillis , W. R . 1999 . A cubic rela-tionship between air—sea CO2 exchange and wind speed . Geophys. Res. Lett . 26 , 1889 1892 .
  40. Wanninkhof , R. , Ledwell, J. R. and Broecker, W. S. 1985. Gas exchange-wind speed relation measured with sulfur hexafluoride on a lake. Science 227, 1224 1226.
  41. Wanninkhof , R. , Ledwell , J. R. , Broecker , W. S and Hamilton, M. 1987. Gas exchange on Mono Lake and Crowley Lake, California. J. Geophys. Res . 92 , 14567-14 580.
  42. Wanninkhof , R. , Asher , W. , Weppernig , R. , Chen , H. , Schlosser , P. , Langdon , C. and Sambrotto , R. 1993. Gas transfer experiment on Georges Bank using two volatile deliberate tracers. J. Geophys. Res . 98 , 20 237-20 248. Wanninkhof, R., Asher, W. and Monahan, E. C. 1995. The in-fluence of bubbles on air—water gas exchange results from gas transfer experiments during WABEX-93. In: Air—water gas transfer (eds. B. Jähne and E. C. Monahan). AEON Verlag & Studio, Hanau, 239 254
  43. Watson , A . J., Upstill-Goddard, C. R. and Liss, P. S. 1991. Air—sea gas exchange in rough and stormy seas measured by a dual-tracer technique. Nature 349, 145 147.
  44. Woolf , D. K. and Thorpe , S. A . 1991 . Bubbles and the air—sea exchange of gases in near-saturation conditions . J. Marine Res . 49 , 435 456 .
  45. Yoshikawa , I. , Kawamura , H. , Okuda , K. and Toba , Y. 1988. Turbulent structure in water under laboratory wind waves. J. Oceanogr Soc. Jpn. 44, 143 156.
  46. Zhao , D. and Toba , Y . 2001 . Dependence of whitecap cover-age on wind and wind—wave properties . J. Oceanogr . 57 , 603 616 .
Language: English
Page range: 478 - 487
Submitted on: Dec 27, 2001
Accepted on: Dec 9, 2002
Published on: Jan 1, 2003
Published by: Stockholm University Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 2003 D. Zhao, Y. Toba, Y. Suzuki, S. Komori, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.