Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
A simple three-dimensional canopy – planetary boundary layer simulation model for scalar concentrations and fluxes Cover

A simple three-dimensional canopy – planetary boundary layer simulation model for scalar concentrations and fluxes

Open Access
|Jan 2002

References

  1. Alapaty , K. , Raman , S. and Niyogi , S . 1997 . Uncertainty in the specification of surface characteristics: a study of prediction errors in the boundary layer. Boundary-Layer Meteorol . 82 , 473 500 .
  2. Apsley , D. and Castro , I . 1997 . A limited-length-scale k-e model for the neutral and stably-stratified atmospheric boundary layer. Boundary-Layer Meteorol . 83 , 75 98 .
  3. Ayotte , K. , Finnigan , J. and Raupach , M . 1999 . A second-order closure for neutrally stratified vegeta-tive canopy flows. Boundary-Layer Meteorol . 90 , 189 216 .
  4. Belov , P. , Borisenlcov , E. and Panin , B. 1989 . Numerical methods of weather forecast . Hydrometeoizdat, Moscow, 376 pp (in Russian).
  5. Belsky , A. J. , Amundson , R. G. , Duxbury , J. M. , Riha , S. J. , Ali , A. R. and Mwonga, S. M. 1989. The effects of trees on their physical, chemical and biological environments in a semi-arid savanna in Kenya. J. Appl. Ecol . 26 , 1005 - 1024 .
  6. Blalcadar , A. K . 1962 . The vertical distrubution of wind and turbulent exchange in a neutral atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res . 67 , 3095 3102 .
  7. Bobylyeva , I . 1970 . The study of turbulence characteristics in the atmospheric boundary layer. Trans. Leningrad Hy-drometeorol. Inst . 40 , 3-63 (in Russian).
  8. Brown , A. R . 1996 . Evaluation of parametrization schemes for the convective boundary layer using large-eddy simu-lation results. Boundary-Layer Meteorol . 81 , 167 200 .
  9. Businger , J. , Wyngaard , J. C. , Izumi , Y. and Bradley, E. F. 1971. Flux-profile relationships in the atmospheric surface layer. J. Atmos. Sci . 28 , 181 - 189 .
  10. Campbell , G. S. and Norman , J. M . 1988 . Environ. Biophys. Springer , Berlin , 286 pp .
  11. Carroll , J . 1993 . Sensitivity of PBL model predictions to model design and uncertainties in environmental inputs. Boundary-Layer Meteorol . 65 , 137 158 .
  12. Clapp , R. B. and Nornberger , G. M . 1978 . Empirical equa-tions for some soil hydraulic properties. Water Resour. Res . 14 , 601 604 .
  13. Cowan , I. R. and Farquhar , G. D . 1977 . Stomatal function in relation to leaf metabolism and environment. Symp. Soc. Exper. Biol . 31 , 471 505 .
  14. Cowan , I. R . 1977 . Stomatal behavior and environment. Adv. Bot. Res . 4 , 117 228 .
  15. DePury , D. and Farquhar , G. D . 1997 . Simple scaling of pho-tosynthesis from leaves to canopies without the errors of big-leaf models. Plant, Cell Environ . 20 , 537 557 .
  16. Dubov , A. and Bykova , L . 1973 . Characteristics of turbu-lent flow in atmospheric boundary layer over forest and inside it. Trans. Main Geophys. Observatory 297 , 13-24 (in Russian).
  17. Dubov , A. , Bykova , A. and Marunich , C . 1978 . Turbulence in vegetation canopy . Hydrometeoizdat, Leningrad. 182 pp (in Russian).
  18. Finnigan , J . 2000 . Turbulence in plant canopies. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech . 32 , 519 571 .
  19. Garratt , J. R. , Hess , G. D. , Physick , W. L. and Bougeault , P. 1996 . The atmospheric boundary layer - advances in knowledge and application. Boundary-Layer Meteorol . 78 , 9 - 37 .
  20. Gross , G . 1987 . Some effects of deforestation on noctur-nal drainage flow and local climate: a numerical study. Boundary-Layer Meteorol . 38 , 315 337 .
  21. Gross , G . 1993 . Numerical simulation of canopy flows, Springer Verlag , Berlin , 168 pp .
  22. Gutman , L . 1969 . The introduction to the nonlinear the-ory of mesometeorological processes. Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad. 229 pp (in Russian).
  23. Hasse , L . 1993 . Turbulence closure in boundary-layer theory - an invitation to debate. Boundary-Layer Meteorol . 65 , 249 254 .
  24. Jacobson , M. Z . 1999 . Fundamentals of atmospheric model-ing. Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , 656 pp .
  25. Jacquemin , B. and Noilhan , J . 1990 . Sensitivity study and validation of a land surface parameterization using the HAPEX-MOBILHY data set. Boundary-Layer Meteorol . 52 , 93 134 .
  26. Jarvis , P. G . 1976 . The interpretation of the variations in leaf water potential and stomatal conductance found in canopies in the field. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B 273 , 593 610 .
  27. Kalnay , E. , et. al. 1996 . The NCEP/NCAR 40-year re-analysis project, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 77 , 437 - 471 .
  28. Kanda , M. and Hino , M. 1994 . Organized structures in de-velopment turbulent flow within and above a plant canopy, using a large eddy simulation. Boundary-Layer Meteorol . 68 , 237 257 .
  29. Karpov , V . 1983 . Regulation factors of spruce forest ecosys-tem , Nauka, Leningrad. 320 pp (in Russian).
  30. Kelliher , E M. , Lloyd , J. , Arneth , A. , Byers , J. N. , McSev-eny , T. M. , Milukova , I. , Grigoriev , S. , Panfyorov , M. , Sogatchev , A. , Varlagin , A. , Ziegler , W. , Bauer , G. and Schulze, E.-D. 1988. Evaporation from a central Siberian Forest. J. Hydrol . 205 , 279 - 296 .
  31. Kolmogorov , A . 1941 . A local turbulence structure in un-compressible fluids at very high Reynold's numbers. Rep. USSR Acad. Sci . 30 , 299-303 (in Russian).
  32. Kolmogorov , A . 1942 . Turbulence flow equations of an un-compressible fluid. Trans. USSR Acad. Sci. Phys . 6 ,56-58 (in Russian).
  33. Kondratev, K. Ya . 1954 . Radiation in the Atomsphere . Hy-drometeoizdat, Leningrad. 600 pp (in Russian).
  34. Kunz , R. and Moussiopoulos , N . 1995 . Simulation of the wind fields in Athens using refined boundary conditions. Atmos. Environ . 29 , 3575 3591 .
  35. Kunz , R. and Moussiopoulos , N . 1997 . Implementation and assessment of a one-way nesting technique for high res-olution wind flow simulation. Atmos. Environ . 31 , 3167 3176 .
  36. Laykhtman , D . 1970 . Physics of atmospheric boundary layer. Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 341 pp (in Russian).
  37. Leclerc , M. Y. and Thurtell , G. W . 1990 . Footprint predictions of scalar fluxes using a marcovian analysis. Boundary-Layer Meteorol . 52 , 247 258 .
  38. Legotina , S. I. and Orlenlco , L. R . 1977 . On turbulent flow calculations of sensible and latent heat using gradient mea-surements data. Trans. Main Geophys. Observatory 398 , 91-98 (in Russian).
  39. Liu , J. , Chen , J. M. , Black , T. A. and Novak , M. D . 1996 . E-e modelling of turbulent air flow downwind of a model forest edge. Boundary-Layer Meteorol . 77 , 21 44 .
  40. Lloyd , J. and Farquhar , G. D . 1994 . 13C discrimination during CO2 assimilation by the terrestrial biosphere. Oecologia 99 , 210 215 .
  41. Lloyd , J. and Taylor , J. A . 1994 . On the temperature depen-dence of soil respiration. Funct. Ecol . 8 , 315 323 .
  42. Lloyd , J. , Grace , J. , Miranda , A. C. , Meir , P. , Wong , S. C. , Miranda , H. S. , Wright , I. R. , Gash , J. H. C. and McIntyre , J . 1995 . A simple calibrated model of Amazon rainforest productivity based on leaf biochemical properties. Plant, Cell Environ . 18 , 1129 1145 .
  43. Lloyd , J. , Francey , R. J. , Mollicone , D. , Raupach , M. R. , Sogachev , A. , Arneth , A. , Byers , J. N. , Kelliher , F. M. , Rebmann , C. , Valentini , R. , Wong , S.-C. , Bauer , G. and Schulze , E.-D. 2001 . Vertical profiles, boundary layer bud-gets, and regional flux estimates for CO2, its 13 C/12C ratio and for water vapour above a forest/bog mosaic in central Siberia Global Biogeochem. Cycles 15 , 267 - 284 .
  44. Lloyd , J. , Langenfelds , R. , Francey , R. J. , Gloor , M. , Zolotilcine , D. , Tchebakova , N. , Shibistova , O. , Allison , C. A. , Brand , W. A. , Werner , R. and Schulze , E.-D. 2002 . A trace gas climatology above Zotino, central Siberia Tel-lus 54B , this issue.
  45. McCumber , M. C. and Pielke , R. A . 1981 . Simulation of the effects of surface fluxes of heat and moisture in a mesoscale numerical model. Part I: Soil layer. J. Geophys. Res . 86 , 9929 9938 .
  46. Mellor , G. and Yamada , T . 1975 . A simulation of the Wangara atmospheric boundary layer data. J. Atmos. Sci . 32 , 2309 2329 .
  47. Menzhulin , G . 1970 . On the calculation methodology of the meteorological regime in vegetation canopies. Meteorol. Hydrol . 2 , 92-99 (in Russian).
  48. Menzhulin , G . 1974 . Modeling of the hydrometeorological regime in vegetations. Trans. Main Geophys. Observatory 318 , 5-34 (in Russian).
  49. Menzhulin , G . 1986 . Energy and matter transfer in agroe-cosystems. D. Sci. Thesis, Leningrad State Hydrological Institute, 507 pp (in Russian).
  50. Mix , W. , Goldberg , V. and Bernhardt , K.-H . 1994 . Numer-ical experiments with different approaches for boundary layer modeling under large-area forest canopy conditions. Meteorol. Z . 3 , 187 192 .
  51. Monin , A. and Yaglom , A . 1965 . Statistical hydromechanics. Part I , Science Publ., Moscow, 640 pp (in Russian).
  52. Monteith , J. L. and Unsworth , M. H. 1990 . Principles of environmental physics (2nd edn.). Edward Arnold London, 291 pp.
  53. Naegler , T. , Kolle , O. , Milukova , I. , Varlagin , A. and Levin , I. 2002 . Comparison of methods to measure nocturnal respi-rative CO2 fluxes in a temperate forest in Western Russia. Tellus 54B , this issue.
  54. Nichols , W. D . 1992 . Energy budgets and resistance to energy transport in sparsely vegetated rangeland. Agric. Forest Meteorol . 60 , 221 247 .
  55. Nickerson , E. C. and Smiley , V. E . 1975 . Surface energy budget parameterizations for urban scale models. J. Appl. Meteorol . 14 , 297 300 .
  56. Noilhan , J. and Planton , S . 1989 . A simple parameterization of land surface processes for meteorological model. Mon. Wea. Rev . 117 , 536 549 .
  57. Penenlco , V. and Aloyan , A . 1985 . Models and methods for environmental protection problems. Science Publ, Moscow, 256 pp (in Russian).
  58. Pielke , R . 1984 . Mesoscale meteorological modeling. Aca-demic Press , New York , 612 pp .
  59. Rannic , E. , Aubinet , M. , Kurbanmuradov , O. , Sabelfeld , K. K. , Marlcicanen , T. and Vesala , T. 2000 . Footprint analysis for measurements over a heterogeneous forest. Boundary-Layer Meteorol . 97 , 137 - 166 .
  60. Raupach , M. R . 1995 . Vegetation-atmosphere interaction and surface conductance at leaf, canopy and regional scales. Agric. Forest Meteorol . 73 , 151 179 .
  61. Raupach , M. R. , Finnigan , J. J. and Brunet , Y . 1996 . Co-herent eddies and turbulence in vegetation canopies: the mixing-layer analogy. Boundary-Layer Meteorol . 78 , 351 382 .
  62. Ross , Yu. K. 1975 . Radiation regime and architecture of veg-etation canopies. Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 342 pp (in Russian).
  63. Ross , Yu. K. and Nilson , T. A . 1967 . The radiation regime of a vegetation canopy with horizontally oriented leaves. In Phytoactinometrical researches of vegetation canopy . Valgus Publ. Tallin, 5-34 (in Russian).
  64. Schilling , V . 1991 . A parameterization for modelling the meteorological effects of tall forest — a case study of a large clearing. Boundary-Layer Meteorol . 55 , 283 304 .
  65. Schulze , E.-D. , Lloyd , J. , Kelliher , E M. , Wirth , C. , Reb-mann , C. , Liihker , B. , Mund , M. , Knohl , A. , Milykova , I. , Schulze , W. , Ziegler , W. , Varlagin , A. , Valentini , R. , So-gachov , A. , Valentini , R. , Dore , S. , Grigoriev , S. , Kolle , O. , Tchebakova , N. and Vygodskaya , N. N. 1999 . Pro-ductivity of forests in the Eurosiberian boreal region and their potential to act as a carbon sink — A synthesis. Global Change Biol . 5 , 703 - 722 .
  66. Sellers , R , Mintz , Y. , Sud , V. and Dalcher , A . 1986 . A simple model (Si-B) for use within general circulation models. J. Atmos. Sci . 43 , 505 531 .
  67. Shaw , R. and Schumann , U . 1992 . Large eddy eimulation of turbulent flow above and within a forest. Boundary-Layer Meteorol . 61 , 47 64 .
  68. Shen , S. and Leclerc , M. Y . 1997 . Modelling the turbulent structure in the canopy layer. J. Agric. Forest Meteorol . 87 , 3 25 .
  69. Shibistova , O. , Lloyd , J. , Kolle , O. , Arneth , A. and Schulze , E.-D. 2002 . Seasonal and spatial variability in soil CO2 efflux rates for a central Siberian Pinus sylvestris forest. Tellus 54B , this issue.
  70. Sivkov , S. I . 1968 . Calculation methods of solar radiation characteristics. Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 232 pp (in Russian).
  71. Smagorinsky , J . 1965 . General circulation experiments with the primitive equations: The basic experiment. Mon. Wea. Rev . 93 , 727 760 .
  72. Sorbjan , Z . 1989 . Structure of the atmospheric bound-ary layer . Prentice-Hall, and Englewood Cliffs , NJ , 360 pp .
  73. Spitters , C. J. T. , Toussaint , H. A. J. M. and Goudriaan , J . 1986 . Separating the diffuse and direct component of global radiation and its implications for modelling canopy photosynthesis: Part I. Components of incoming radiation. J. Agric. For. Meteorol . 38 , 217 229 .
  74. Stull , R. B . 1988 . An introduction to boundary layer meteorology. Kluver Academic Publishers , Dordrecht , 670 pp .
  75. Styles , J. M. , Lloyd , J. , Zolotulchin , D. , Kieran , A. , Lawton, Tchebalcova , N. , Francey , R. J. , Arneth , A. , Salamalcho , D. , Kolle , O. and Schulze , E.-D. 2002 . Estimates of re-gional surface carbone and oxygen isotope discrimination during photosynthesis from profile of CO2 concentration and its isotopic composition in the convective boundary layer. Tellus 54B , this issue.
  76. Sun , W.-Y. and Bosilovich , W . 1996 . Planetary boundary layer and surface layer sensitivity to land surface parame-ters. Boundary-Layer Meteorol . 77 , 353 378 .
  77. Therry , G. and Lacarrere , P . 1983 . Improving the eddy kinetic energy model for planetary boundary layer description. Boundary-Layer Meteorol . 25 , 63 88 .
  78. Tjernström , M . 1989 . Some tests with a surface energy bal-ance scheme, including a bulk parameterization for veg-etation in a mesoscale model. Boundary-Layer Meteorol . 48 , 33 68 .
  79. Tsipris , I. B. and Menzhulin , G. V . 1972 . The calculation of relationship between forest belts and surface airflow. Meteorol. Hydrol . N11, 82-88 (in Russian).
  80. Tuzet , A. , Perrier , A. , and Olid Aissa , A. K . 1993 . A pre-diction model for field drying of hay using a heat balance method. Agric. Forest Meteorol . 65 , 63 89 .
  81. Vager , B. and Nadezhina , E . 1975 . A model for the turbulence scale and calculations of the atmospheric boundary layer structure. Trans. Main Geophys. Observatory 326 , 3-10. (in Russian).
  82. Vager , B. and Nadezhina , E . 1979 . Atmospheric boundary layer in conditions of horizontal nonuniformity. Gidrome-teoizdat, Leningrad, 136 pp (in Russian).
  83. Valentini , R. , Dore , S. , Marchi , G. , Mollicone , D. , Panfyorov , M. , Rebmann , C. , Kolle , O. and Schulze , E.-D. 2000 . Car-bon and water exchanges of two contrasting central Siberia landscape types: regenerating forest and bog. Funct. Ecol . 14 , 87 - 96 .
  84. Varlagin , A. V. and Vygodslcaya , N. N . 1993 . Influence of ecological and morphological factors on stomata resis-tance of norway spruce. Lesovedenie, Moscow 3 , 48-60. (in Russian).
  85. Wang , H. , Talcle , E. S. and Shen , J. 2001 . Shelterbelts and windbreaks: Mathematical modeling and computer simu-lation of turbulent flows. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech . 33 , 549 - 586 .
  86. Wang , Y. P. and Leuning , R . 1998 . A two-leaf model for canopy conductance, photosyntesis and pardoning of available energy. Part I: Model description and compari-son with a multi-layered model. Agric. For. Meteorol . 91 , 89 111 .
  87. Wilson , J . 1988 . A second-order closure model for flow through vegetation. Boundary-Layer Meteorol . 42 , 371 392 .
  88. Wilson , J. and Flesch , T . 1999 . Wind and remnant tree sway in forest cutblocics. Part 3. A windflow model to diagnose spatial variation. Agric. For. Meteorol . 93 , 259 282 .
  89. Wu , J. , Liu , Y. and Jelinski , D. 2000 . Effects of leaf area pro-files and canopy stratification on simulated energy fluxes: the problem of vertical spatial scale. Ecol. Modelling 134 , 283 - 297 .
  90. Zeng , P. and Takahashi , H . 2000 . A first-order closure model for wind flow within and above vegetation canopies. Agric. For. Meteorol . 103 , 301 313 .
  91. Zhenjia , L. I. , Lin , J. D. and Miller, D. R. 1990. Air flow over and through a forest edge: a steady-state numerical simulation. Boundary-Layer Meteorol . 51 , 179 - 197 .
  92. Ziemann , A . 1998 . Numerical simulation of meteorological quantities in and above forest canopies. Meteorol. Z . 7 , 120 128 .
  93. Zilitinkevich , S . 1970 . Dynamics of the atmospheric bound-ary layer . Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 291 pp (in Russian).
Language: English
Page range: 784 - 819
Submitted on: Jul 2, 2001
Accepted on: Jun 17, 2002
Published on: Jan 1, 2002
Published by: Stockholm University Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 2002 Andrej Sogachev, Gennady V. Menzhulin, Martin Heimann, Jon Lloyd, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.