Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Feedback mechanisms and sensitivities of ocean carbon uptake under global warming Cover

Feedback mechanisms and sensitivities of ocean carbon uptake under global warming

Open Access
|Jan 2001

References

  1. Battle , M. , M. L. Bender , P. P. Tans , J. M. C. White , J. T. Ellis , T. Conway and R. J. Francey , 2000 . Global carbon sinks and their variability inferred from atmo-spheric CO2 and “C . Science 287 , 2467 2470 .
  2. Bishop , J. K. B . 1989 . Regional extremes in particulate matter composition and flux: effects on the chemistry of the ocean interior. In: Productivity of the ocean: present and past . eds: W. H. Berger , V. S. Smetacek and G. Wefer . New York, John Wiley, pp. 117 137 .
  3. Broecker , W. S. , T.-H. Peng , G. Ostlund and M. Stuiver , 1985 . The distribution of bomb radiocarbon in the ocean . J. Geophys. Res . 90 , 6953 6970 .
  4. Cao , M. and F. I. Woodward , 1998 . Dynamic response of terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycling to global cli-mate change . Nature 393 , 249 252 .
  5. Conkright , M. E. , S. Levitus and T. P. Boyer , 1994 . World ocean atlas 1994, vol. 1: Nutrients . Washing-ton, DC: US Department of Commerce, NOAA, NESDIS, 150 pp.
  6. Cox , P. M. , R. A. Betts , C. D. Jones , S. A. Spall and I. J. Totterdell , 2000 . Will carbon-cycle feedbacks accelerate global warming in the 21st century? Nature 408 , 184 187 .
  7. Cubasch , U. , G. Meehl , G. Boer , R. Stouffer , M. Dix , A. Noda , C. Senior , S. Raper and K. S. Yap , 2001 . Projections of future climate change . In: Third assess-ment report of climate change . ed: J. T. Houghton . Cambridge University Press , New York, in press .
  8. Drange , H . 1994 . An isopycnic coordinate carbon cycle model for the North Atlantic; and the possibility of dispos-ing of fossil fuel CO2 in the ocean . PhD thesis, Depart-ment of Mathematics , University of Bergen , Norway .
  9. Dutay , J.-C. , J. L. Bullister , S. C. Doney , J. C. Orr , R. Najjar , K. Caldeira , J.-M. Campin , H. Drange , M. Follows , Y. Gao , N. Gruber , M. W. Hecht , A. Ishida , F. Joos , K. Lindsay , G. Madec , E. Maier-Reimer , J. C. Marshall , R. J. Matear , P. Monfray , G.-K. Plattner , J. Sarmiento , R. Schlitzer , R. Slater , I. J. Totterdell , M.-F. Weirig , Y. Yamanaka and A. Yool , 2001 . Evaluation of ocean model ventilation with CFC-11: comparison of 13 global ocean models . Ocean Modelling , in press .
  10. Friedlingstein , P. , L. Bopp , P. Ciais , J.-L. Dufresne , L. Fairhead , H. Le Treut , P. Monfray and J. Orr , 2001 . Positive feedback between future climate change and the carbon cycle . Geophys. Res. Lett ., in press .
  11. Fuglestvedt , J. and T. Berntsen , 1999 . A simple model for scenario studies of changes in global climate. Working Paper , 1999:2. Center for International Cli-mate and Environmental Research , Oslo , Norway .
  12. Ganachaud , A. and C. Wunsch , 2000 . Improved estim-ates od global ocean circulation, heat transport and mixing from hydrographic data . Nature 408 , 453 457 .
  13. Gent , P.R. ., J. Willebrand, T. J. McDougall and J. C. McWilliams, 1995. Parameterizing eddy-induced tracer transports in ocean circulation models. J. Phys. Oceanogr . 25 , 463 474
  14. Gordon , A. L . 1986 . Interocean exchange of thermocline water . J. Geophys. Res . 91 , 5037 5046 .
  15. Gruber , N. , J. L. Sarmiento and T. F. Stocker , 1996 . An improved method for detecting anthropogenic CO2 in the oceans . Global Biogeochem. Cyc . 10 , 809 837 .
  16. Gruber , N . 1998 . Anthropogenic CO2 in the Atlantic Ocean . Global Biogeochem. Cyc . 12 , 165 192 .
  17. Gruber , N. and C. D. Keeling , 2001 . An improved estim-ate of the isotopic air-sea disequilibrium of CO2: implications for the oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO2 . Geophys. Res. Lett . 28 , 555 558 .
  18. Gruber , N. and J. L. Sarmiento , 2001 . The sea - biolo-gical/physical interactions. Large-scale biogeochemicall physical interactions in elemental cycles. John Wiley, pp. 1 64 .
  19. Han , Y. J. and S. W. Lee , 1983 . An analysis of monthly mean windstress over the global ocean . Mon. Weather Rev . 111 , 1554 1566 .
  20. Harvey , L. D.D. ., J. Gregory, M. Hoffert, A. Jain, M. Lal, R. Leemans, S. Raper, T. Wigley and J. de Wolde, 1997. IPCC Technical Paper II. An introduction to simple climate models used in the IPCC second assess-ment report. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 47 pp.
  21. IPCC , 1996 . Climate change 1995 . The science of climate change. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , Cambridge University Press , 572 pp .
  22. IPCC , 2001 . Third assessment report of climate change . Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , Cam-bridge University Press , in press .
  23. Joos , F. , M. Bruno , R. Fink , U. Siegenthaler , T. F. Stocker , C. Le Quéré and J. Sarmiento , 1996 . An efficient and accurate representation of complex oceanic and biospheric models of anthropogenic carbon uptake . Tellus 48B , 397 417 .
  24. Joos , F. , G.-K. Plattner , T. F. Stocker , O. Marchal and A. Schmittner , 1999. Global warming and marine carbon cycle feedbacks on future atmospheric CO2. Science 284 , 464 467
  25. Keeling , R. F. and S. R. Shertz , 1992 . Seasonal and interannual variations in atmospheric oxygen and implications for the global carbon cycle . Nature 358 , 723 727 .
  26. Keeling , R. F. , S. C. Piper and M. Heimann , 1996 . Global and hemispheric CO2 sinks deduced from changes in atmospheric 02 concentrations . Nature 381 , 218 221 .
  27. Kicklighter , D. W. , M. Bruno , S. Doenges , G. Esser , M. Heimann , J. Helfrich , F. Ift , F. Joos , J. Kaduk , G. H. Kohlmaier , A. C. McGuire , J. M. Melillo , R. Meyer , B. Moore III, A. Nadler, I. C. Prentice, W. Saul', A. L. Schloss, S. Sitch, U. Wittenberg and G. Wuerth, 1999. A first order analysis of the potential role of CO2 fertilization to affect the global carbon budget: a comparison of four terrestrial biosphere models. Tellus 51B , 343 366
  28. Klepper, O. and B. J. de Haan , 1995. A sensitivity study of the effect of global change on ocean carbon uptake. Tellus 47B , 490 500
  29. Knutti , R., T. F. Stocker and D. G. Wright, 2000. The effects of sub-grid-scale parameterizations in a zonally averaged ocean model. J. Phys. Oceanogr . 30 , 2738 2752
  30. Latif , M. , E. Roeckner , U. Mikolajewicz and R. Voss , 2000 . Tropical stabilization of the thermohaline circu-lation in a greenhouse warming simulation . J. Clim . 13 , 1809 1813 .
  31. Legget , J. , W. J. Pepper and R. J. Swart , 1992 . Climate change 1992. The Supplementary Report to the IPCC Scientific Assessment. Emissions Scenarios for IPCC: An Update. Cambridge University Press, pp. 69 95 .
  32. Lenton , T. M . 2000 . Land and ocean carbon cycle feed-back effects on global warming in a simple Earth system model . Tellus 52B , 1159 1188 .
  33. Levitus , S . 1982 . Climatological atlas of the world ocean. Washington, DC: US Govt. Print. Office, NOAA Prof . Pap . 13 , 173 pp .
  34. Levitus , S. , R. Burgett and T. P. Boyer , 1994 . World ocean atlas 1994, vol. 3: Salinity. Washington DC: US Department of Commerce, NOAA, NESDIS, 99 pp.
  35. Levitus , S. and T. P. Boyer , 1994 . World ocean atlas 1994, vol. 4: Temperature. Washington DC: US Department of Commerce, NOAA, NESDIS, 117 pp.
  36. Levitus , S. , J. I. Antonov , T. P. Boyer and C. Stephens , 2000 . Warming of the World Ocean . Science 287 , 2225 2229 .
  37. Maier-Reimer , E. and K. Hasselmann , 1987 . Transport and storage of CO2 in the ocean - an inorganic ocean-circulation carbon cycle model . Clim. Dyn . 2 , 63 90 .
  38. Maier-Reimer , E. , U. Mikolajewicz and A. Winguth , 1996 . Future ocean uptake of CO2: interaction between ocean circulation and biology . Clim. Dyn . 12 , 711 721 .
  39. Manabe , S. and R. J. Stouffer , 1993 . Century-scale effects of increased atmospheric CO2 on the ocean-atmo-sphere system . Nature 364 , 215 218 .
  40. Manabe , S. and R. J. Stouffer , 1994 . Multiple-century response of a coupled ocean-atmosphere model to an increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide . J. Clim . 7 , 5 23 .
  41. Marchal, O. , T. F. Stocker and F. Joos , 1998a. A latitude-depth, circulation-biogeochemical ocean model for paleoclimate studies. Model development and sensitiv-ities. Tellus 50B , 290 316
  42. Marchal, O. , T. F. Stocker and F. Joos , 1998b. Impact of oceanic reorganizations on the ocean carbon cycle and atmospheric carbon dioxide content. Paleocean-ogr . 13 , 225 244
  43. Marchal, O. , T. F. Stocker , F. Joos , A. Indermfihle , T. Blunier and J. Tschumi , 1999a. Modelling the con-centration of atmospheric CO2 during the Younger Dryas climate event. Clim. Dyn . 15 , 341 354
  44. Marchal, O. , T. F. Stocker and F. Joos , 1999b. Physical and biogeochemical responses to freshwater-induced thermohaline variability in a zonally averaged ocean model. In: Mechanisms of global climate change at mil-lennial time scales . eds: P. U. Clark , R. S. Webb and
  45. L. D. Keigwin . Geophysical Monograph 112, Am. Geo-phys. Union, Washington, DC, pp. 263 284 .
  46. Matear , R. J. and A. C. Hirst , 1999 . Climate change feedback on the future oceanic CO2 uptake . Tellus 51B , 722 733 .
  47. Matear , R. J. , A. C. Hirst and B. I. McNeil , 2000 , Changes in dissolved oxygen in the Southern Ocean with cli-mate change. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst 1, Paper number 2000GC000086 .
  48. Meyer , R. , F. Joos , G. Esser , M. Heimann , G. Kohlmaier , W. Sauf and U. Wittenberg , 1999 . The substitution of high-resolution terrestrial biosphere and carbon sequestration in response to changing CO2 and cli-mate . Global Biogeochem. Cyc . 13 , 785 802 .
  49. Murnane , R. J. , J. L. Sarmiento and C. LeQuere , 1999 . Spatial distribution of air-sea CO2 fluxes and the interhemisperic transport of carbon by the oceans . Global Biogeochem. Cyc . 13 , 287 305 .
  50. Myhre , G. , K. P. Highwood , E. J. Shine and F. Stordal , 1998 . New estimates of radiative forcing due to well mixed greenhouse gases . Geophys. Res. Lett . 25 , 2715 1718 .
  51. Najjar , R. G. , J. L. Sarmiento and J. R. Toggweiler , 1992 . Downward transport and fate of organic matter in the ocean : Simulations with a general circulation model Global Biogeochem. Cyc . 6 , 45 76 .
  52. Nakiéenovie et al ., 2000 . Special report on emission scen-arios . Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , Cambridge University Press , 599 pp .
  53. Oeschger , H. , U. Siegenthaler , U. Schotterer and A. Gug-elmann , 1975 . A box diffusion model to study the carbon dioxide exchange in nature . Tellus 27 , 168 192 .
  54. Orr , J. C. , E. Maier-Reimer , U. Mikolajewicz , P. Mon-fray , J. L. Sarmiento , J. R. Toggweiler , N. K. Taylor , P. J., N., Gruber, C. L. Sabine, C. Le Quéré, R. M. Key and J. Boutin, 2001. Estimates of anthropogenic carbon uptake from four three-dimensional global ocean models. Global Biogeochem. Cyc . 15 , 43 60
  55. Prentice , I. C. , G. Farquahr , M. Fasham , M. Goulden , M. Heimann , V. Jaramillo , H. Kheshgi , C. Le Quéré , R. Scholes and D. Wallace , 2001 . The carbon cycle and atmospheric CO2. In: Third assessment report of climate change , ed: J. T. Houghton Cambridge Univer-sity Press, New York , in press .
  56. Revelle , R. and H. E. Suess , 1957 . Carbon dioxide exchange between atmosphere and ocean and the question of an increase of atmospheric CO2 during the past decades . Tellus 9 , 18 27 .
  57. Revelle , R . 1985 . The scientific history of carbon dioxid. In: The carbon cycle and atmospheric CO,: natural variations archean to present, eds: E. T. Sundquist and W. S. Broecker . Geophysical Monograph 32, Am. Geo-phys. Union, Washington, DC, pp. 1 4 .
  58. Riebesell , U. , I. Zondervan , B. Rost , P. D. Tortell , R. E. Zeebe and F. M. M. Morel , 2000 . Reduced calcification of marine plankton in response to increased atmo-spheric CO2 . Nature 407 , 364 367 .
  59. Sabine , C. L. , R. M. Key , C. Goyet , K. M. Johnson , F. J. Millero , A. Poisson , J. L. Sarmiento , D. W. R. Wallace and C. D. Winn , 1999 . Anthropogenic CO2 inventory of the Indian Ocean . Global Biogeochem. Cyc . 13 , 179 198 .
  60. Sarmiento , J. L . 1991 . Oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO2: the major uncertainties . Global Biogeochem. Cyc . 5 , 309 313 .
  61. Sarmiento , J. L. and C. Le Quéré , 1996 . Oceanic carbon dioxide in a model of century-scale global warming . Science 274 , 1346 1350 .
  62. Sarmiento , J. L. , T. M. C. Hughes , R. J. Stouffer and S. Manabe , 1998 . Simulated response of the ocean carbon cycle to anthropogenic climate warming . Nature 393 , 245 249 .
  63. Sarmiento , J. L. , P. Monfray , E. Maier-Reimer , O. Aumont , R. Murnane and J. C. Orr , 2000. Sea-air CO2 fluxes and carbon transport: a comparison of three ocean general circulation models. Global Biogeo-chem. Cyc . 14 , 1267 1281
  64. Schimel, D. , D. Alves , I. G. Enting , M. Heimann , F. Joos , D. Raynaud and T. M. L. Wigley , 1996. CO2 and the carbon cycle. In: IPCC second scientific assessment of climate change , ed: J. T. Houghton. Cambridge Univer-sity Press, New York, pp. 76 86 .
  65. Schimel, D. , M. Grubb , F. Joos , R. Kaufmann , R. Moos , W. Ogana , R. Richels and T. Wigley , 1997. IPCC Technical Paper III. Stabilisation of atmospheric green-house gases: physical, biological and socio-economic implications. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 48 pp.
  66. Schmittner , A. and T. F. Stocker , 1999 . The stability of the thermohaline circulation in global warming experi-ments . J. Clim . 12 , 1117 1133 .
  67. Schmittner , A. , C. Appenzeller and T. F. Stocker , 2000 . Enhanced Atlantic freshwater export during El Nifio . Geophys. Res. Let . 27 , 1163 1166 .
  68. Schmitz , W. J . 1995 . On the interbasin-scale thermoha-line circulation . Rev. Geophys . 33 , 151 173 .
  69. Siegenthaler , U. and H. Oeschger , 1987 . Biospheric CO2 emissions during the past 200 years reconstructed by convolution of ice core data . Tellus 39B , 140 154 .
  70. Siegenthaler , U. and F. Joos , 1992 . Use of a simple model for studying oceanic tracer distributions and the global carbon cycle . Tellus 44B , 186 207 .
  71. Stocker , T. F. , D. G. Wright and L. A. Mysak , 1992 . A zonally averaged, coupled ocean—atmosphere model for paleoclimate studies . J. Clim . 5 , 773 797 .
  72. Stocker , T. F. , W. S. Broecker and D. G. Wright , 1994 . Carbon uptake experiments with a zonally-averaged global ocean circulation model . Tellus 46B, 103 122 .
  73. Stocker , T. F. and D. G. Wright , 1996. Rapid changes in ocean circulation and atmospheric radiocarbon . Paleoceanogr . 11 , 773 796 .
  74. Stocker , T. F. and A. Schmittner , 1997 . Influence of CO2 emission rates on the stability of the thermohaline circulation . Nature 388 , 862 865 .
  75. Stocker , T. F. , R. Knutti and G.-K. Plattner , 2001 . The future of the thermohaline circulation — a perspective. In: Oceans and rapid past and future climate changes: north—south connections, eds: D. Seidov , M. Maslin and B. J. Haupt . Geophysical Monograph, Am. Geo-phys. Union, Washington DC, in press.
  76. Takahashi , T. , W. S. Broecker , S. R. Werner and A. E. Bainbridge , 1980 . Carbonate chemistry of the surface waters of the World Oceans , In: Isotope marine chem-istry , eds: E. D. Goldberg , Y. Horibe and K. Saruhashi. Uchida Rokakuho Pub. Co. Ldt ., pp. 291 326 .
  77. Takahashi , T. , J. Olafsson , J. G. Goddard , D. W. Chip-man and S. C. Sutherland , 1993 . Seasonal variation of CO2 and nutrients in the high-latitude surface oceans: a comparative study . Global Biogeochem. Cyc . 7 , 843 878 .
  78. Toggweiler , J.R. ., K. Dixon and K. Bryan, 1989. Simula-tion of radiocarbon in a coarse-resolution world ocean model, 2. Distributions of bomb-produced carbon 14. J. Geophys. Res . 94 , 8243 8264
  79. Wigley , T. M. L. , A. K. Jain , F. Joos , B. S. Nyenzi and P. R. Shukla , 1997 . IPCC Technical Paper IV. Implica-tions of proposed CO2 emissions limitations . Intergov-ernmental Panel on Climate Change, 41 pp.
  80. Wright , D. G. , C. B. Vreugdenhil and T. M. Hughes , 1995 . Vorticity dynamics and zonally averaged ocean circulation models . J. Phys. Oceanogr . 25 , 2141 2154 .
Language: English
Page range: 564 - 592
Submitted on: Oct 5, 2000
Accepted on: Apr 9, 2001
Published on: Jan 1, 2001
Published by: Stockholm University Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 2001 G.-K. Plattner, F. Joos, T. F. Stocker, O. Marchal, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.