Meltwater-induced relocation of chemical species in Alpine firn
References
-
Bales
, R. C., Davies, R. E.and Stanley, D. A. 1989. Ion elution through shallow homogeneous snow. Water Resources Research, 1869– 1877. -
Brimblecombe
, P., Tranter, M., Abrahams, P. W., Black-wood, I., Davies, T. D. and Vincent, C. E. 1985. Reloca-tion and preferential elution of acidic solute through the snowpack of a small, remote, high-altitude Scottish catchment., 141– 147 -
Brimblecombe
, P., Clegg, S. L., Davies, T.D.., Shooter, D. and Tranter, M. 1987. Observations of the preferential loss of major ions from melting snow and laboratory ice., 1279– 1286 -
Brimblecombe
, P., Clegg, S. L., Davies, T.D.., Shooter, D. and Tranter, M. 1988. The loss of halide and sulphate ions from melting ice.. 22, 693– 700 -
BUWAL.
. Messre-sultate des Nationalen Beobachtungsnetzes ftir Luftfremdstoffe, Schriftenreihe Umwelt Nr. 311, Bun-desamt far Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft (BUWAL), Bern, Switzerland,pp. -
Colbeck
, S. C. 1987. Snow metamorphism and classifica-tion. In:(eds. H. G.and W. J.). D., Dortrecht, pp. 1– 35. -
Cragin
, J. H., Hewitt, A. D.and Colbeck, S. C. 1996. Grain-scale mechanisms influencing the elution of ions from snow. Atmospheric Environment, 119– 127. -
Dansgaard
, W. 1964. Stable isotopes in precipitation. Tellus, 436– 468. -
Davis
, R. E. 1991. Links between snowpack physics and snowpack chemistry. In:(eds. T. D., M.and H. G.). Springer Verlag, Berlin, etc., pp. 115– 138. (NATO ASI Series G: Ecological Sci-ences 28.) -
de Angelis
, M.and Legrand, M. 1994. Origins and variations of fluoride in Greenland precipitation., 1157– 1172 -
Delmas
, R. J. 1993. A natural artefact in Greenland ice-core CO, measurements. Tellus, 391– 396. -
Dominé
, F.and Thibert, E. 1996. Mechanism of incor-poration of trace gases in ice grown from the gas phase. Geophysical Research Letters, 3627– 3630. -
Eichler
, A., Schwikowski, M., Gäggeler, H. W., Furrer, V., Synal, H.-A., Beer, J., Saurer, M.and Funk, M. 2000. Glaciochemical dating of an ice core from the upper Grenzgletscher (4200 m a.s.1.). Journal of Glaciology, 507– 515. -
Fukazawa
, H., Sugiyama, K., Mae, S., Narita, H.and Hondoh, T. 1998. Acid ions at triple junction of Antarctic ice observed by Raman scattering. Geo-physical Research Letters, 2845– 2848. -
Gäggeler
, H. W., Stauffer, B., Doscher, A.and Blunier, T. 1997. Klimageschichte im Alpenraum aus Analysen von Eisbohrkernen . Vdf Hochschulverlag AG, Zurich, 61 pp. -
Goto-Azuma
, K., Nakawo, M., Jiankang, H., Watanabe, 0. and Azuma, N. 1994. Melt-induced relocation of ions in glaciers and in a seasonal snowpack. IAHS Publication No. 223, pp.– 298. -
Gross
, G. W., Hayslip, I. C.and Hoy, R. N. 1978. Elec-trical conductivity and relaxation in ice crystals with known impurity content. Journal of Glaciology, 143– 159. -
Gross
, G. W.and Svec, R. K. 1997. Effect of ammonium on anion uptake and dielectric relaxation in labora-tory-grown ice columns. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 6282– 6284. -
Hewitt
, A. D., Cragin, J. H.and Colbeck, S. C. 1989. Does snow have ion chromatographic properties? In: Proceedings of the 46th Annual Eastern Snow Confe- rence, 8-9 June, Quebec City, Quebec, pp.– 171. -
Hewitt
, A. D., Cragin, J. H.and Colbeck, S. C.In: Proceedings of the 48th Annual Eastern Snow Conference, Guelph, Ontario, 2-10 June. -
Hobbs
, P. V. 1974. Ice physics . Oxford, Clarendon press, 837 pp. -
Johannessen
, M.and Henriksen, A. 1978. Chemistry of snow meltwater: Changes in concentration during melting. Water Resources Research, 615– 619. -
Johnsen
, S. J. 1977. Stable isotope homogenization of polar firn and ice. In:, Aug./Sept. 1975, IAHS-AISH Publication No. 118, pp. 210– 219. -
Keene
, W. C., Pszenny, A. A. P., Galloway, J. N.and Hawley, M. E. 1986. Sea-salt corrections and inter-pretation of constituent ratios in marine precipitation., 6647– 6658. -
Kreutz
, K. J., Mayewski, P. A., Whitlow, S. I.and Twickler, M. S.. Annals of Glaciology, 371– 377. -
Levi
, L.and Arias, D. 1964. Conductivité en courant continu de la glace dopée avec différents hydracides. J. Chim. Phys. 61, 668– 671. -
Lugauer
, M., Baltensperger, U., Furger, M., Gäggeler, H. W., Jost, D. T., Schwikowski, M.and Wanner, H. 1998. Aerosol transport to the high Alpine sites Jungfraujoch (3454 m asl) and Colle Gnifetti (4452 m asp. Tellus, 76– 92. -
Maupetit
, F., Wagenbach, D., Weddeling, P. and Delmas, R. J. 1995. Seasonal fluxes of major ions to a high altitude cold alpine glacier., 1– 9 -
Mosimann
, L., Weingartner, E.and Waldvogel, A. 1994. An analysis of accreted drop sizes and mass on rimed snow crystals. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 1548– 1558. -
Mulvaney,
, Wolff,and Oates,Sulphuric acid at grain boundaries in Antarctic ice. Nature, 247– 249 -
Pruppacher
, H. R.and Klett, J. D. 1997. Microphysics of clouds and precipitation . Kluwer Academic Pub-lishers, Netherlands, 954 pp. -
Riley
, N. W., Noll, G.and Glenn, J. W. 1978. The creep of NaCl-doped ice monocrystals. Journal of Glaciology, 501– 507. -
Schotterer
, U., Frohlich, K., Gäggeler, H. W., Sandjordj, S.and Stichler, W. 1997. Isotope records from Mon-golian and Alpine ice cores as climate indicators. Clim. Change, 519– 530. -
Schwander
, J. 1996. Gas diffusion in firn. In:(eds. E. W.). Springer Verlag, Berlin, etc., pp. 527– 540. (NATO ASI Series I: Global envir-onmental change 43.) -
Schwikowski
, M., BrUtsch, S., Gäggeler, H. W., 13,709– 13,720 -
Sigg
, A.and Neftel, A. 1991. Evidence for a 50% increase in H202 over the past 200 years from a Greenland ice core. Nature, 557– 559. -
Suter
, S. 1995. Die Verbreitung kalter Firn- und Eisre-gionen im Alpengebiet. Diploma Thesis , ETH Zurich, Switzerland. -
Szyrmer
, W.and Zawadzki, I. 1997. Biogenic and anthro-pogenic sources of ice-forming nuclei: a review.– 228. -
Thibert
, E.and Dominé, F.. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 3554– 3565. -
Thibert
, E.and Domino, F. 1998. Thermodynamics and kinetics of the solid solution of HNO3 in ice. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 4432– 4439. -
Tranter
, M., Tsiouris, S., Davies, T. D.and Jones, H. G. 1992. A laboratory investigation of the leaching of solute from snowpack by rainfall. Hydrol. Process. 6, 169– 178. -
Tsiouris
, T., Vincent, C. E., Davies, T. D.and Brimble-combe, P. 1985. The elution of ions through field and laboratory snowpacks. Annals of Glaciology, 196– 201. -
Wagnon
, P., Delmas, R. J.and Legrand, M. 1999. Loss of volatile acid species from upper firn layers at Vostok, Antarctica., 3423– 3431 -
Wolff
, E. W. 1996. Location, movement and reactions of impurities in solid ice. In:(eds. E. W.). Springer Verlag, Berlin, etc., pp. 541– 560. (NATO ASI Series I: Global environmental change 43.)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v53i2.16575 | Journal eISSN: 1600-0889
Language: English
Page range: 192 - 203
Submitted on: Jan 31, 2000
Accepted on: Nov 10, 2000
Published on: Jan 1, 2001
Published by: Stockholm University Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
© 2001 Anja Eichler, Margit Schwikowski, Heinz W. Gäggeler, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.