Future changes of the atmospheric composition and the impact of climate change
References
-
Bojkov
, R. D.and Fioletov, V. E. 1995. Estimating the global ozone characteristics during the last 30 years. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 16, 537-16, 551. -
Brasseur
, G., Hitchman, M. H., Walters, S., Dymek, M., Falise, E.and Pirre, M. 1990. An interactive chemical dynamical radiative two-dimensional model of the middle atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 95, 5639– 5655. -
Brasseur
, G. P., Kiehl, J. T., Muller, J.-F., Schneider, T., Granier, C., Tie, X. X.and Hauglustaine, D. 1998. Past and future changes in global tropospheric ozone: Impact on radiative forcing. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 3807– 3810. -
Brunner
, D. 1998. One-year climatology of nitrogen oxides and ozone in the tropopause region.. PhD thesis, 181 pp., Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland. -
Crutzen
, P. J. 1995. An overview of atmospheric chem-istry. In:. European Research Course on Atmospheres, ERCA Vol. 1, eds. C., 63-88, Les Ulis, France. -
Crutzen
, P. J.and Zimmermann, P. H. 1991. The changing photochemistry of the troposphere.– 151. -
Dameris
, M., Grewe, V., Hein, R.and Schnadt, C. 1998a. Assessment of the future development of the ozone layer. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 3579– 3582. -
Dameris
, M., Grewe, V., Kohler, I., Sausen, R., Bri. 1111, C., GrooB, J.-U. and Steil, B. 1998b. Impact of aircraft NO-emissions on tropospheric and stratospheric ozone. Part II: 3-D model results.. 32, 3185– 3200 -
Dentener
, F. J.and Crutzen, P. J. 1993. Reaction of N205 on tropospheric aerosols: Impact on global distributions of NO„ 03, and OH. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 7149– 7163. -
Emmons
, L. K., Carroll, M. A., Hauglustaine, D. A., Brasseur, G. P., Atherton, C., Penner, J., Sillman, S., Levy IL, H., Rohrer, F., Wauben, W. M. F., van Velt-hoven, P. F. J., Wang, Y., Jacob, D., Bakwin, P., Dickerson, R., Doddridge, B., Gerbig, C., Honrath, R., HiIbler, G., Jaffe, D., Kondo, Y., Munger, J. W., Torres, A. and Volz-Thomas, A. 1997. Climatologies of NO and NOR: Comparison of data and models. Atmos. Environ. 31, 1851– 1904. -
Fishman
, J.and Crutzen, P. J. 1978. The origin of ozone in the troposphere. Nature, 853– 858. -
Fishman
, Ramanathan, V., Crutzen, P. J.and Liu, S. C. 1979. Tropospheric ozone and climate. Nature, 818– 820. -
Fuglestvedt
, J. S., Berntsen, T. K., Isaksen, I. S. A., Mao, H., Liang, X.-Z.and Wang, W.-C. 1999. Climatic forcing of nitrogen oxides through changes in tropo-spheric ozone and methane; global 3D model studies. Atmos. Environ. 33, 961– 977. -
Gates
, W. L. 1992. AMIP: The atmosphere model inter-comparison project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 73, 1962– 1970. -
Grewe
, V.and Dameris, M. 1996. Calculating the global mass exchange between stratosphere and troposphere. Ann. Geophys. 14, 431– 442. -
Grewe
, V.and Dameris, M. 1997. Heterogeneous PSC ozone loss during an ozone mini-hole. Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 2503– 2506. -
Grewe
, V., Dameris, M., Sausen, R.and Steil, B. 1998. Impact of stratospheric dynamics and chemistry on northern midlatitude ozone loss.. 103, 25,417– 25,433 -
Grewe
, V., Dameris, M., Hein, R., Kohler, I.and Sausen, R. 1999a. Impact of future subsonic NOx emis-sions on the atmospheric composition. Geophys. Res. Lett. 26, 47– 50. -
Grewe
, V., Rogers, H., Pyle, J.and Sausen, R. 1999b. Stratosphere—Troposphere-Exchange. In:, ed. I. Isaksen, ENV4-CT95-0144EUR, Luxemburg, 44– 49. -
GrooB
, J.-U., Brühl, C.and Peter, T. 1998. Impact of aircraft NON-emissions on tropospheric and strato-spheric ozone. Part I: Chemistry and 2-D model results. Atmos. Environ. 32, 3173– 3184. -
Hanson
, D.and Mauersberger, K. 1988. Laboratory studies of nitric acid trihydrate: Implications for the south polar stratosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 15, 855– 858. -
Hansen
, J., et al. 1997. Forcings and chaos in interannual to decadal climate change.. 102, 25,679– 25,720 -
Hough
, A. M.and Derwent, R. G. 1990. Changes in global concentration of tropospheric ozone due to human activities. Nature, 645– 648. -
Houweling
, S. 1999. Global modeling of atmospheric meth-ane sources and sinks. PhD thesis , University of Utrecht, Netherlands, 171 pp. -
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)
. 1996. Climate change 1995 , eds. J. T., L. G. Meira, B. A., N., A.and K., Cambridge University Press, New York. -
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)
. 1999. Special report on aviation and the global atmo-sphere, ed., Cambridge University Press, New York. -
Jacob
, D. J., Heikes, B. G., Fan., Logan, J. A., Mauzerall, D. L., Bradshaw, J.D.., Singh, H. B., Gregory, G. L., Talbot, R. W., Blake, D. R. and Sachse, G. W. 1996. Origin of ozone and NO in the tropical troposphere: A photochemical analysis of aircraft observations over the South Atlantic basin.. 101, 24,235– 24,250 -
Johnson
, C. E., Collins, W. J., Stevenson, D. S.and Derwent, R. G. 1999. The relative roles of climate and emission changes on future tropospheric oxidant concentrations.. 104, 18,631– 18,645 -
Kattenberg
, A., Giorgi, F., Grassl, H., Mehl, G. A., Mit-chell, J. F. B., Stouffer, R. J., Tokioka, T., Weaver, A. J.and Wigley, T. M. L. 1996. Climate models — Projec-tions of future climate. In: Intergovernmental Panel on climate change (IPCC), Climate change 1995, eds., L. G. Meira, B. A., N., A.and K., Cambridge University Press, New York, 285– 358. -
Kohler,
, Sausen,, Grewe,and Ziereis,Intercomparison of global model simulations and air-craft measurements in the NAFC. In: Pollution from aircraft emissions in the North Atlantic flight corridor (POLIN AT 2), ed. U. Schumann, EUR 18877 EN, Luxemburg, 217– 232. -
Lee
, D. S., Kohler,. Atmos. Environ. 31, 1735– 1749. -
Leggett
, J., Pepper, W. J.and Swart, R. J. 1992. Emissions scenarios for the IPCC: an update. In: Climate change 1992. The supplementary report to the IPCC scientific assessment, eds.et al., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., 69– 95. -
Lin
, X., Trainer, M.and Liu, S. C. 1988. On the nonlinearity of the tropospheric ozone production.. 93, 15,879– 15,888 -
Manabe
, S., Stouffer, R. J., Spelman, M. J.and Byan, K. 1991. Transient responses of a coupled ocean—atmosphere model to gradual changes of atmospheric CO2. Part I: Annual mean responses. J. Climate, 785– 818. -
Manabe
, S., Spelman, M. J.and Stouffer, R. J. 1992. Transient responses of a coupled ocean—atmosphere model to gradual changes of atmospheric CO2. Part II: Seasonal response. J. Climate, 105– 126. -
Mitchell
, J. F. B., Johns, T. C.and Senior, C. A. 1998. Transient response to increasing greenhouse gases using models with and without flux adjustment. Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research, Technical Note 2, 26 pp , Bracknell, United Kingdom. -
Ramanathan
, V., Callis, L., Cess, R., Hansen, J., Isaksen, I., Kuhn, W., Lacis, A., Luther, F., Mahl-man, J., Reck, R. and Schlesinger, M. 1987. Climate-chemistry interactions and the effects of changing atmospheric trace gases.. 25, 1441– 1482 -
Rasch
, P. J.and Williamson, D. L. 1990. Computational aspects of moisture transport in global models of the atmosphere. Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 116, 1071– 1090. -
Roeckner
, E., Arpe, K., Bengtsson, L., Brinkop, S., Diimenil, L., Esch, M., Kirk, E., Lunkeit, F., Ponater, M., Rockel, B., Sausen, R., Schlese, U., Schubert, S.and Windelband, M. 1992. Simulation of the present-day climate with the ECHAM model: Impact of model physics and resolution. Rep. 93, Max-Planck-Inst. fur Meteorol ., Hamburg, Germany. -
Roeckner
, E., Bengtsson, L., Feichter, J., Lelieveld, J.and Rodhe, H. 1999. Transient climate change simulations with a coupled atmosphere—ocean GCM including the tropospheric sulfur cycle. J. Climate, 3004– 3042. -
Roelofs
, G.-J.and Lelieveld, J. 1995. Distribution and budget of 03 in the troposphere calculated with a chemistry general circulation model.. 100, 20,983– 20,998 -
Roelofs
, G.-J., Lelieveld, J.and Feichter, J. 1999. Modelsimulations of the changing distribution of ozone and its radiative forcing of climate: past, present, and future. Rep. 283, Max-Planck-Inst. fur Meteorol., Hamburg, Germany. -
Shindell
, D. T., Rind, D.and Lonergan, P. 1998a. Climate change and the middle atmosphere. Part IV: Ozone response to doubled CO,. J. Climate, 895– 918. -
Shindell
, D. T., Rind, D.and Lonergan, P. 1998b. Increased polar stratospheric ozone losses and delayed eventual recovery owing to increasing greenhouse-gas concentrations. Nature, 589– 592. -
Steil
, B. 1999. Modellierung der Chemie der globalen Strato- und Troposphtire mit einem drei-dimensionalen Zirkulationsmodell. PhD thesis, 205 pp., Max-Planck-Inst. fur Meteorol., Examensarbeit Nr. 62, Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Univ. Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany. -
Steil
, B., Dameris, M., Brühl, C., Crutzen, P. J., Grewe, V., Ponater, M.and Sausen, R. 1998. Development of a chemistry module for GCMs: First results of a multi-annual integration. Ann. Geophys. 16, 205– 228. -
Stevenson
, D. S., Johnson, C. E., Collins, W. J., Derwent, R. G., Shine, K. P.and Edwards, J. M. 1998. Evolution of tropospheric ozone radiative forcing. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 3819– 3822. -
Tiedtke
, M. 1989. A comprehensive mass flux scheme for cumulus parameterization in large-scale models. Mon. Wea. Rev. 117, 1779– 1800. -
Toumi
, R., Haigh, J. D.and Law, K. S. 1996. A tropo-spheric ozone-lightning climate feedback. Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 1037– 1040. -
Wang
, C.and Prinn, R. G. 1997. Interactions among emissions, atmospheric chemistry, and climate change: Implications for future trends., 25. -
Wang
, C.and Prinn, R. G. 1999. Impact of emissions, chemistry, and climate on atmospheric carbon monox-ide: 100-year predictions from a global chemistry-climate model. Chemosphere Global Change Science, 77– 81. -
WMO (World Meteorological Organization)
. 1992.. WMO Rep. 25, Geneva, Switzerland. -
Wuebbles
, D. J. 1996. Three-dimensional chemistry in the greenhouse. Climatic Change, 397– 404.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v53i2.16551 | Journal eISSN: 1600-0889
Language: English
Page range: 103 - 121
Submitted on: Feb 29, 2000
Accepted on: Nov 11, 2000
Published on: Jan 1, 2001
Published by: Stockholm University Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
© 2001 Volker Grewe, Martin Dameris, Ralf Hein, Robert Sausen, Benedikt Steil, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.