Seasonal and global NOx production by lightning estimated from the Optical Transient Detector (OTD)
References
-
Biazar
, A. P.and McNider, R. T. 1995. Regional esti-mates of lightning production of nitrogen oxides. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 22, 861-22, 874. -
Boccippio
, D., Driscoll, K., Koshak, W., Blakeslee, R., Boeck, W., Mach, D., Buechler, D., Christian, H. J.and Goodman, S. J. 2000. The Optical Transient Detector (OTD): instrument characteristics and cross-sensor validation . J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., in press. -
Boldi
, R. A. 1992. A model of the ion chemistry of electri-fied convection . PhD Thesis, MIT, 206 pp. -
Borucki
, W. J.and Chameides, W. L. 1984. Lightning: estimates of the rates of energy dissipation and nitro-gen fixation. Rev. Geophys. Space. Phys. 22, 363– 372. -
Brasseur
, G. P., Muller, J. F.and Granier, C. 1996. Atmospheric impact of NO emissions by subsonic aircraft: a three-dimensional model study. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 1423– 1428. -
Burns
, R. C.and Hardy, R. W. 1975. Nitrogen fixation in bacteria and higher plants . Spinger-Verlag, New York. -
Chamedies
, W. L., Stedman, D. H., Dickerson, R. R., Rusch, D. W.and Cicerone, R. J. 1977. NO produc-tion in lightning. J. Atmos. Sci. 34, 143– 149. -
Christian
, H. J., Blakeslee, R. J.and Goodman, S. J. 1989. The detection of lightning from geostationary orbit.. 94, 13,329– 13,337 -
Christian
, H. J., Driscoll, K. T., Goodman, S. J., Blakeslee, R. J., Mach, D. A.and Buechler, D. E. 1996. The Optical Transient Detector. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Atmospheric electri-city. International Commission of Atmospheric Elec-tricity, Osaka, Japan, pp.– 371. -
Christian
, H. J.and Latham, J. 1998. Satellite measure-ments of global lightning. Q. J. R. Meteor. Soc. 124, 1771– 1773. -
Cooray
, V. 1997. Energy dissipation in lightning flashes.. 102, D17, 21,401-21,410. -
Crutzen
, P. J. 1970. The influence of nitrogen oxides on the atmospheric ozone content. Q. J. R. Meteor. Soc. 96, 320– 327. -
Franzblau
, E.and Popp, R. R. 1989. Nitrogen oxides produced from lightning.. 94, 11,089– 11,104 -
Goodman
, S. J., Christian, H. J.and Rust, W. D. 1988. A comparison of the optical pulse characteristics of intracloud and cloud-to-ground lightning as observed above the clouds. J. Appl. Meteor. 27, 1369– 1380. -
Goodman
, S. J.and Christian, Jr., H.J.% Global observations of lightning. In: Atlas of satellite observa-tions related to global change( eds., Foster,and Parkinson,). Cambridge Univ. Press, 191– 219. -
Griffing
, G. W. 1977. Ozone and oxides of nitrogen production during thunderstorms. J. Geophys. Res. 82, 943– 950. -
Houghton
, J. T., Jenkins, G. J.and Ephraums.(eds.), 1995. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change: The IPCC Scientific Assessments . Cambridge Univ. Press, New York. -
Idone
, V. P.and Orville, R. E. 1988. Channel tortuosity variation in Florida triggered lightning. Geophys. Res. Lett. 15, 645– 648. -
Kumar
, P. P., Manohar, G. K.and Kandalgaunkar, S. S. 1995. Global distribution of nitric oxide produced by lightning and its seasonal variation.. 100, 11,203– 11,208 -
Lawrence
, M. G., Chameides, W. L., Kasibhatls, P. S., Levy, H., and Moxim, W. 1995. Lightning and atmo-spheric chemistry: the rate of atmospheric NO produc-tion. In:, vol. 1 (ed.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 189– 202. -
Levine
, J. S., Rogowski, R. S., Gregory, G. L., Howell, W. E.and Fishman, J. 1981. Simultaneous measure-ments of NQ, NO, and 03 production in a laboratory discharge: atmospheric implications. Geophys. Res. Lett. 8, 357– 360. -
Liaw
, Y. P., Sisterson, D. L.and Miller, N. L. 1990. Comparison of field, laboratory, and theoretical esti-mates of global nitrogen fixation by lightning.. 95, 22,489– 22,494 -
Logan
, J. A., Prather, M. J., Wofsy, S. C.and McElroy, M. B. 1981. Tropospheric chemistry: a global perspec-tive. J. Geophys. Res. 86, 7210– 7254. -
MacGorman
, D. R.and Rust, W. D. 1998. The electrical nature of storms . Oxford University Press, New York, 422 pp. -
Mackerras
, D., Darveniza, M., Orville, R. E., Williams, E. R.and Goodman, S. J. 1998. Global lightning: total, cloud, and ground flash estimates.. 103, 19,791– 19,809 -
Mohr
, K. I.and Zipser, E. J. 1996. Defining mesoscale convective systems by their 85-GHz ice scattering sig-natures. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 77, 1179– 1189. -
Noxon
, J. F. 1976. Atmospheric nitrogen fixation by lightning. Geophys. Res. Lett. 3, 463– 465. -
Orville
, R. E. 1982. Lightning detection from space. In:, vol. II (ed. Volland). CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 79– 98. -
Orville
, R. E.and Salanave, L. E. 1970. Lightning spec-troscopy - photographic techniques. J. Appl. Optics, 1774– 1781. -
Orville
, R. E.and Henderson, R. W. 1986. Global distri-bution of midnight lightning, September 1977 to August 1978. Mon. Wea. Rev. 114, 2640– 2653. -
Orville
, R. E. 1994. Cloud-to-ground lightning flash char-acteristics in the contiguous United States: 1989-1991.. 99, 10,833– 10,841 -
Orville
, R. E.and Spencer, D. W. 1979. Global lightning flash frequency. Mon. Wea. Rev. 107, 934– 943. -
Prather
, M.and Logan, J. A. 1994. Combustion's impact on the global atmosphere. In:. Combust. Inst., Pittsburgh, Penn., 1513– 1527. -
Prentice
, S. A.and Mackerras, D. 1977. The ratio of cloud to cloud-ground lightning observations from TOGA COARE: selective results and lightning loca-tion algorithms. J. Appl. Meteor. 16, 545– 550. -
Price
, C., Penner, J.and Prather, M. 1997a. NO from lightning (1). Global distribution based on lightning physics. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 5929– 5941. -
Price
, C., Penner, J.and Prather, M. 1997b. NO from lightning (2). Constrained from the global atmospheric electric circuit. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 5942– 5951. -
Ramanathan
, V.and Dickinson, R. E. 1979. The role of stratospheric ozone in the zonal and seasonal radiative energy balance of the Earth-tropospheric system. J. Atmos. Sci. 36, 1084– 1104. -
Strand
, A.and Hov, 0. 1996. The impact of man-made and natural NO emissions on the upper tropospheric ozone: a two-dimensional model study. Atmos. Environ. 30, 1291-130 3. -
Seinfeld
, J. H.and Pandis, S. N. 1998. Atmospheric chem-istry and physics. John Wiley and Sons , Inc., New York, 1326 pp. -
Uman
, M. A. 1987. The lightning discharge. Academic Press , San Diego, California, 377 pp. -
Wang
, Y., DeSilva, A. W., Goldenbaum, C. G.and Dickerson, R. R. 1998. Nitric oxide production by simulated lightning: dependence on current, energy, and pressure. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 19,149– 19,159. -
Simpson
, J., Adler, R. F.and North, G. 1998. A proposed Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 69, 278– 295. -
Zerdovitch
, Y. B.and Raizer, Y. P. 1966. Physics of shock waves and high temperature hydrodynamic phenomena . Academic Press, New York. -
Zipser
, E. J. 1994. Deep cumulonimbus cloud systems in the tropics with or without lightning. Mon. Wea. Rev. 122, 1837– 1851.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v52i5.17098 | Journal eISSN: 1600-0889
Language: English
Page range: 1206 - 1215
Submitted on: Jul 13, 1999
Accepted on: Apr 3, 2000
Published on: Jan 1, 2000
Published by: Stockholm University Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
© 2000 Stephen W. Nesbitt, Renyi Zhang, Richard E. Orville, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.