Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
The sensitivity of atmospheric CO2 concentrations to input of iron to the oceans Cover

The sensitivity of atmospheric CO2 concentrations to input of iron to the oceans

Open Access
|Jan 1999

References

  1. Archer , D. and Maier-Reimer , E . 1994 . Effect of deep-sea sedimentary calcite preservation on atmospheric CO2 concentration . Nature 367 , 260 263 .
  2. Banse , K . 1991 . Rates of phytoplankton cell-division in the field and in iron enrichment experiments . Limn-ology and Oceanography 36 , 1886 1898 .
  3. Behrenfeld , M. J. , Bale , A. J. , Kolber , Z. S. , Aiken , J. and Falkowski , P. G . 1996 . Confirmation of iron limitation of phytoplankton photosynthesis in the equatorial pacific-ocean . Nature 383 , 508 511 .
  4. Boyd , P. W. , Muggli , D. L. , Varela , D. E. , Goldblatt , R. H. , Chretien , R. , Orians , K. J. and Harrison , P. J . 1996 . In-vitro iron enrichment experiments in the NE subarctic Pacific . Marine Ecology-Progress Series 136 , 179 193 .
  5. Boyle , E . 1997 . What controls dissolved iron concentra-tions in the World Ocean? A comment . Marine Chem-istry 57 , 163 167 .
  6. Broecker , W. S. and Peng , T.-H . 1982 . Tracers in the sea . Eldigio Press , Palisades , New York .
  7. Coale , K. H. et al. 1996 . A massive phytoplankton bloom induced by an ecosystem-scale iron fertilization experi-ment in the equatorial Pacific Ocean . Nature 383 , 495 501 .
  8. Cooper , D. J. , Watson , A. J. and Nightingale , P. D . 1996 . Large decrease in ocean-surface CO2 fugacity in response to in-situ iron fertilization . Nature 383 , 511 513 .
  9. Cullen , J. J . 1991 . Hypotheses to explain high-nutrient conditions in the open sea. Limnology and Ocean-ography 36,1578-1599. Tellus 51B ( 1999 ), 2
  10. Duce , R. A. and Tindale , N. W . 1991 . Atmospheric trans-port of iron and its deposition in the ocean . Limnology and Oceanography 36 , 1715 1726 .
  11. Duce , R. A. et al. 1991 . The atmospheric input of trace species to the world ocean . Global Biogeochemical Cycles 5 , 193 259 .
  12. Dugdale , R. C. and Wilkerson , F. P . 1990 . Iron addition experiments in the Antarctic: a re-analysis . Global Biogeochemical Cycles 4 , 13 19 .
  13. Dugdale , R. C. and Wilkerson , F. P . 1998 . Silicate regu-lation of new production in the equatorial Pacific up-welling . Nature 391 , 270 273 .
  14. Gran , H. H . 1931 . On the conditions for the production of plankton in the sea . Rapp. Proc. Verb. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer . 75 , 37 46 .
  15. Hutchins , D. A. and Bruland , K. W . 1998 . Iron-limited diatom growth and Si : N uptake ratios in a coastal upwelling regime . Nature 393 , 561 564 .
  16. Johnson , K. S. , Gordon , R. M. and Coale , K. H . 1997 . What controls dissolved iron concentrations in the world ocean? Marine Chemistry 57 , 137 161 .
  17. Kolber , Z. S. , Barber , R. T. , Coale , K. H. , Fitzwater , S. E. , Greene , R. M. , Johnson , K. S. , Lindley , S. and Falkowski , P. G . 1994 . Iron limitation of phytoplank-ton photosynthesis in the equatorial pacific-ocean . Nature 371 , 145 149 .
  18. Ledwell , J. R. , Watson , A. J. and Law , C. S . 1993 . Evid-ence for slow mixing across the pycnocline from an open-ocean tracer-release experiment . Nature 364 , 701 703 .
  19. Lefèvre , N. and Watson , A. J . 1999 . Modelling the geo-chemical cycle of iron in the oceans and its impact on atmospheric CO2 concentrations . Global Biogeochem-ical Cycles , submitted .
  20. Levitus , S. , Burgett , R. and Boyer , T . 1994 . World Ocean Atlas 1994, vol. 3, Nutrients. NOAA Atlas NESDIS, US Dept of Commerce, Washington DC .
  21. Longhurst , A. , Sathyendranath , S. , Platt , T. and Caverhill , C . 1995 . An estimate of global primary pro-duction in the ocean from satellite radiometer data . Journal of Plankton Research 17 , 1245 1271 .
  22. Martin , J. H. , Broenkow , W. W. , Fitzwater , S. E. and Gordon , R. M . 1990a . Does iron really limit phyto-plankton production in the offshore sub-arctic Paci-fic — yes, it does — a reply . Limnology and Oceanography 35 , 775 777 .
  23. Martin , J. H. et al. 1994 . Testing the iron hypothesis in ecosystems of the equatorial Pacific Ocean . Nature 371 , 123 129 .
  24. Martin , J. H. and Fitzwater , S. E . 1988 . Iron-deficiency limits phytoplankton growth in the Northeast Pacific subarctic . Nature 331 , 341 343 .
  25. Martin , J. H. , Gordon , R. M. , Fitzwater , S. and Broen-kow , W. W . 1989 . Vertex—phytoplankton iron studies in the Gulf of Alaska . Deep-Sea Research, Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers 36 , 649 .
  26. Martin , J. H. , Gordon , R. M. and Fitzwater , S. E . 1990b . Iron in Antarctic waters. Nature 345 , 156 - 158 .
  27. Price , N. M. , Andersen , L. F. and Morel , F. M. M . 1991 . Iron and nitrogen nutrition of equatorial Pacific plankton . Deep-Sea Research, Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers 38 , 1361 1378 .
  28. Rue , E. L. and Bruland , K. W . 1995 . Compelxation of iron(III) by natural organic ligands in the central north Pacific as determined by a new competitive ligand equilibration/adsorptive cathodic stripping vol-tammetric method . Marine Chemistry 50 , 117 138 .
  29. Rue , E. L. and Bruland , K. W . 1997 . The role of organic complexation on ambient iron chemistry in the equat-orial Pacific Ocean and the response of a mesoscale iron addition experiment . Limnology and Oceano-graphy 42 , 901 910 .
  30. Sanyal , A. , Hemming , N. G. , Hanson , G. N. and Broecker , W. S . 1995 . Evidence for a higher pH in the glacial ocean from boron isotopes in foraminifera . Nature 373 , 234 236 .
  31. Sarmiento , J. L. and Orr , J. C . 1991 . 3-dimensional simu-lations of the impact of southern ocean nutrient deple-tion on atmospheric CO2 and ocean chemistry. Limnology and Oceanography 36 , 1928 - 1950 .
  32. Semtner , A. J. and Chervin , R. M . 1992 . Ocean general-circulation from a global eddy-resolving model . Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans 97 , 5493 5550 .
  33. Stevens , D. P. and Ivchenko , V.O. . 1997 . The zonal momentum balance in an eddy-resolving general-circulation model of the southern ocean. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 123 ( 540 Pt. B), 929 951 .
  34. Sunda , W. G. and Huntsman , S. A . 1995 . Iron uptake and growth limitation in oceanic and coastal phyto-plankton . Marine Chemistry 50 , 189 206 .
  35. Takeda , S. and Obata , H . 1995 . Response of equatorial Pacific phytoplankton to subnanomolar Fe enrich-ment . Marine Chemistry 50 , 219 227 .
  36. Van Leeuwe , M. A. , Scharek , R. , DeBaar , H. J. W. , DeJong , J. T. M. and Goeyens , L . 1997 . Iron enrich-ment experiments in the southern ocean: physiological responses of plankton communities . Deep-Sea Research, Part II, Topical Studies in Oceanography 44 , 189 207 .
  37. Van den Berg , C.M.G . 1995 . Evidence for organic com-plexation of iron in seawater . Marine Chemistry 50 , 139 157 .
  38. Watson , A. J. , Law , C. S. , Van Scoy , K. A. , Millero , F. J. , Yao , W. , Friederich , G. E. , Liddicoat , M.I. ., Wannink-hof, R. H., Barber, R. T. and Coale, K. 1994. Minimal effect of iron fertilization on sea-surface carbon-diox-ide concentrations. Nature 371 , 143 145
  39. Watson , A. J. , Liss , P. S. and Duce , R. A . 1991 . Design of a small scale iron enrichment experiment . Limnology and Oceanography 36 , 1960 1965 .
  40. Wyrtki , K . 1981 . An estimate of equatorial upwelling in the Pacific . Journal of Physical Oceanography 11 , 1205 1214 .
Language: English
Page range: 453 - 460
Accepted on: Sep 24, 1998
Published on: Jan 1, 1999
Published by: Stockholm University Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 1999 Andrew J. Watson, Nathalie Lefèvre, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.