Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Could cloud-to-cloud discharges be as effective as cloud-to-ground discharges in producing NOx? Cover

Could cloud-to-cloud discharges be as effective as cloud-to-ground discharges in producing NOx?

Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology
Volume 48 (1996): Issue 5
By:  and    
Open Access
|Jan 1996
References

References

  1. Benkovitz , C. , Scholtz , M. , Pacyna , J. , Tarrason , L. , Dignon , J. , Voldner , E. , Spiro , P. , Logan , J. and Graedel , T . 1996 : Global gridded inventories of anthropogenic emissions of sulfur and nitrogen . J. of Geophys. Res . , in press .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  2. Berger , K . 1977. The earth flash, in lightning, vol. I: Physics of lightning, ed.: R. Golde. Academic Press, New York, 119 – 190.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  3. Berger , K. , Anderson , R. and Kroninger , H . 1975 . Parameters of lightning flashes . Electra 80 , 23 – 27 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  4. Borucki , W. and Chameides , W . 1984 . Lightning: estimates of the rates of energy dissipation and nitrogen fixation . Rev. Geophys. and Space Phys . 22 , 363 – 372 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  5. Brook , M. and Ogawa , T . 1977 . The cloud discharge, in lightning, vol . I. Physics of lightning , ed. R . Golde . Academic Press , New York , 191 – 230 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  6. Chameides , W. , Stedman , D. , Dickerson , R. , Rusch , D. and Cicerone , R . 1977 . NOx production in lightning. J. Atmos. Sc i . 34 , 143 – 149 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  7. Chameides , W . 1979 . Effect of variable energy input on nitrogen fixation in instantaneous linear discharges . Nature 277 , 123 – 125 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  8. Chameides , W . 1986. The role of lightning in the chemistry of the atmosphere. In: Studies in geophysics, the earth's electrical environment. National Academy Press, Washington D.C., U.S.A., 70 – 77.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  9. Conner , T . 1967. The 1967 APRA-AEC joint lightning study at Los Alamos, (1). LA-3754. Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, N.M., U.S.A.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  10. Cooray , V . 1996 . Energy dissipation in lightning flashes . J. of Geophys. Res . , in press .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  11. Crutzen , P . 1973. A discussion of the chemistry of some minor constituents in the stratosphere and tropo-sphere. Pure Appl. Geophysics 106-108, 1385-139 9 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  12. Crutzen , P. and Zimmermann , P . 1991. The changing photochemistry of the troposphere. Tellus 43 AB, 136 – 151.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  13. Dentener , F. , Hein , R. and Roelofs , G . 1995. A comparison of background ozone concentrations calculated by the three dimensional models ECHAM, MOGUNTIA and TM2 with measurements. Report CM-88, International Meteorological Institute in Stockholm, Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  14. Dentener , F. and Crutzen , P . 1993 . Reaction of N2O5 on tropospheric aerosols, impact on the global distributions of NOx, O3 and OH . J. Geophys. Res . 98 , 7149 – 7163 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  15. Feichter , J. and Crutzen , P . 1990 . Parameterization of vertical tracer transport due to deep cumulus convection in a global transport model and its evaluation with 222Radon measurements . Tellus 42B , 100 – 117 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  16. Franzblau , E. and Popp , C . 1989 . Nitrogen oxides produced from lightning . J. Geophys. Res . 94 , 11089 – 11104 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  17. Gallardo , L. and Rodhe , H . 1995. Evaluation of a global 3-D model of tropospheric oxidized nitrogen. Report CM-85. International Meteorological Institute in Stockholm, Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  18. Gallardo , L. , Kjellström , E. and Feichter , J . 1995 . Representation of the global emission of oxidized nitrogen by lightning discharges in large-scale models . Report CM-87, International Meteorological Institute in Stockholm , Department of Meteorology , Stockholm University .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  19. Gille , J. , Bailey , P. and Craig , C . 1987 . Proposed reference model for nitric acid . Adv. Space Res . 7 , 25 – 35 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  20. Goldembaum G. and Dickerson R . 1993 . Nitric oxide production by lightning discharges . J. Geophys. Res . 98 , 18333 – 18338 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  21. Graedel , T . 1994 . Global emissions inventories to aid atmospheric modelers . E.O.S. Trans. A.G.U . 75 , 585 – 591 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  22. Guo , C. and Krider , E . 1982 . The optical and radiation signatures produced by lightning return strokes . J. Geophys. Res . 87 , 8913 – 8922 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  23. Hill , R. , Rinker , R. and Wilson , H . 1980 . Atmospheric nitrogen fixation by lightning. J. Atmos. Sc i . 37 , 179 – 192 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  24. Holmes , C. , Brook , M , Krehbiel , P. and McRory , R . 1971 . On the power spectrum and mechanism of thun-der . J. Geophys. Res . 76 , 2106 – 2115 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  25. Holton , J . 1990 . On the global exchange of mass between the stratosphere and troposphere. J. Atmos. Sc i . 47 , 392 – 395 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  26. Kanakidou , M. , Singh H. , Valentin , K. and Crutzen , P . 1991 . A two-dimensional study of ethane and propane oxidation in the troposphere . J. Geophys. Res . 96 , 15395 – 15413 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  27. Kanakidou , M. , Crutzen , P. , Zimmermann , P. and Bon-sang , B . 1992 . A 3-D global study of the photochem-istry of ethane and propane in the troposphere . production and transport of organic nitrogen compounds. In. Air pollution modeling and its application (IX) (eds. H . van Dop and G . Kallos ). Plenum Press , New York, USA .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  28. Kasibhatla , P. , Levy , H. , Moxim , W. and Chameides , W . 1991 . The relative impact of stratospheric photochemical production on tropospheric NOy levels, a model study . J. Geophys. Res . 96 , 18631 – 18646 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  29. Kasibhatla , P. , Levy , H. and Moxim , W. 1993. Global NOx, HNO3, PAN and NOy distributions from fossil fuel combustion emissions. A model study . J. Geophys. Res . 98 , 7165 - 7180 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  30. Komhyr , W. , Oltmans , S. , Franchois , P. , Evans , W. and Mathews , W . 1989. The latitudinal distribution of ozone to 35 km altitude from ECC ozone sonde obser-vations, 1985-1987. In. Ozone in the atmosphere (eds. R. Bojkov and P. Fabian ). A. Deepak Publishing, Hampton, Virginia, 147 – 150.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  31. Kotaki , M. and Katoh , C . 1983 . The global distribution of thunderstorm activity observed by the Ionosphere Sounding Satellite (ISS-b) . J. Atm. and Terr. Phys . 45 , 833 – 847 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  32. Kowalczyk , M. and Bauer , E . 1982 . Lightning as a source of NO in the troposphere . Rep. FAA-EE-82-4. U.S. Dept. of Transp ., Washington , DC .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  33. Langner , J. and Rodhe , H . 1991 . A global three-dimensional model of the tropospheric sulfur cycle . J. Atmos. Chem . 13 , 225 – 265 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  34. Lawrence , M. , Chameides , W. , Kasibhatla , P. , Levy , H. and Moxim , W . 1994. Lightning and atmospheric chemistry. the rate of atmospheric NO production. In: Handbook of atmospheric electrodynamics, vol. I (ed. H. Volland ). CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, 197 – 211.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  35. Le s Renardieres Group, 1975 . Positive discharges in long air gaps at Les Renardières . Results and Conclusions. Electra 53 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  36. Le s Renardières Group, 1978 . Negative discharges in long air gaps at Les Renardières . Results. Electra 74 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  37. Levine , J. , Rogowski , R. , Gregory , G. , Howell , W. and Fishman , J . 1981 . Simultaneous measurements of NOx, NO and NO production in a laboratory discharge. atmospheric implications . Geophys. Res. Lett . 8 , 357 – 360 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  38. Logan , J . 1983 . Nitrogen oxides in the troposphere: global and regional budgets . J. Geophys. Res . 88 , 10785 – 10807 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  39. Mackerras , D. and Darveniza , M . 1994 . Latitudinal vari-ation of lightning occurrence characteristics . J. Geo-phys. Res . 99 , 10813 – 10821 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  40. Malan , D . 1963 . Physics of lightning . English University Press , London , U.K .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  41. Noxon , J . 1976 . Atmospheric nitrogen fixation by lightning . Geophys. Res. Lett . 3 , 463 – 465 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  42. Orville , R . 1968 . Spectrum of the lightning stepped leader . J. Geophys. Res . 73 , 6999 – 7008 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  43. Orville , R. and Henderson , R . 1986 . Global distribution of midnight lightning. September 1977 to August 1978. Mon . Weather. Re v . 114 , 2460 – 2653 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  44. Paxton , A. , Gardner , R. and Baker , L . 1986 . Lightning return stroke; a numerical calculation of the optical radiation . Phys. Fluids 29 , 2736 – 2742 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  45. Penner , J. , Atherton , C. , Dignon , J. , Ghan , S. and Walton , J . 1991 . Tropospheric nitrogen. a three dimensional study of sources, distributions and deposition . J. Geophys. Res . 96 , 959 – 990 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  46. Peyrous , R. and Lapeyre , R . 1982 . Gaseous products created by electrical discharges in the atmosphere and condensation nuclei resulting from gaseous phase reactions . Atmos. Environment 16 , 959 – 968 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  47. Plooster , M . 1971 . Numerical model of the return stroke of the lightning channel . Phys. Fluids 14 , 2124 – 2133 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  48. Prentice , S. and Mackerras , D . 1977 . The ratio of cloud to cloud-ground lightning flashes in thunderstorms . J. APPL. Meteor . 16 , 545 – 550 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  49. Price , C. and Rind , D . 1992 . A simple lightning para-meterization for calculating global lightning distributions . J. Geophys. Res . 97 , 9919 – 9933 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  50. Price , C. and Rind , D . 1993 . What determines the cloud-to-ground lightning fraction in thunderstorms? Geophys. Res. Lett . 20 , 463 – 466 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  51. Roeckner , E. , Arpe , K. , Bengtsson , L. , Brinkop , S. , Diimenil , L. , Esch , M. , Kirk , E. , Lunkeit , M. , Ponater , B. , Rockel , B. , Sausen , R. , Schelse , U. , Schubert , S. and Windelband , M . 1992. Simulation of the present-day climate with the ECHAM model: impact of model physics and resolution, Rep., no. 93. Max-Planck-Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  52. Ryaboshapko , A. , Brukhanov , P. , Gromov , S. , Proshina , Y. and Afinogenova , O . 1996 . Anthropogenic emissions of oxidized sulfur and nitrogen into the atmosphere of the former Soviet Union in 1985 and 1990 . Report CM-89, International Meteorological Institute in Stockholm , Department of Meteorology , Stockholm University .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  53. Turman , B. and Edgar , B . 1982 . Global lightning distri-bution at dawn and dusk . J. Geophys. Res . 87 , 1191 – 1206 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  54. Uman , M . 1987. The lightning discharge. International Geophysics Series no. 39 (ed. W. Donn ). Academic Press, London, U.K.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  55. Valentin , K . 1991 . Numerical modeling of climatic and anthropogenic influences on global atmospheric chemistry since the last glacial maximum . PhD thesis , University of Mainz , Germany , 238 pp .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  56. Wilson , C . 1920 . Investigations on lightning discharges and on the electric field of thunderstorms. Philos. Trans. R. Soc . ( London) Ser. A , 221 , 73 – 115 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  57. Zel'dovitch , Y. and Raizer , Y. 1967 . Physics of shock waves and high-temperature hydrodynamic phenomena . Academic Press , New York , 445 pp .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  58. Zimmermann , P . 1984. Ein dreidmensionales numerisches Transportmodell fiir atmospharische Spurenstoffe (in German). Dissertation, University of Mainz, FRG, 163 pp.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v48i5.15937 | Journal eISSN: 1600-0889
Journal RSS Feed
Language: English
Page range: 641 - 651
Submitted on: Jul 3, 1995
Accepted on: May 17, 1996
Published on: Jan 1, 1996
Published by: Stockholm University Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 1996 Laura Gallardo, Vernon Cooray, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 48 (1996): Issue 5
Next article