Geographical, seasonal and interannual variations of air-sea CO2 exchange in the subtropical Pacific surface waters during 1983-1988: (I). Variabilities of oceanic fCO2
By: C. S. Wong, Y.-H. Chan, J. S. Page, G. E. Smith, R. D. Bellegay and K. Iseki
References
-
Boden
, T. A., Sepanski, R. J.and Stoss, F. W. 1991.– 203. -
Bolin
, B. 1977. Changes of land biota and their impor-tance for the carbon cycle. Science, 613– 615. -
Bolin
, B., Degens, E. T., Kempe, S.and Ketner, P.(eds.) 1979. The global carbon cycle. SCOPE 13. Chichester, Great Britain: John Wiley & Sons, 491 p. -
Broecker
, W. S., Takahashi, T., Simpson, H. J.and Peng, T.-H. 1979. Fate of fossil fuel carbon dioxide and the global carbon budget Science, 409– 418. -
Chan
, Y.-H., Olson, J. S.and Emanuel, W. R. 1980. Land use and energy scenarios affecting the global carbon cycle. Environ. Intern. 4, 189– 206. -
Codispoti
, L. A., Friederich, G. E.and Hood, D. W. 1986. Variability in the inorganic carbon system over the southeastern Bering Sea shelf during spring 1980 and spring-summer 1981. Continental Shelf Res. 5, 133– 160. -
Codispoti
, L. A., Friederich, G. E., Iverson, R. L. and Hood, D. W. 1982. Temporal changes in the inorganic carbon system of the southeastern Bering Sea shelf during spring 1980. Nature 296, 242– 244 -
Druffel
, E. R. M.and Griffin, S. 1993. Large variations of surface ocean radiocarbon: Evidence of circulation changes in the southwestern Pacific. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 20249– 20259. -
Emery
, W. J.and Hamilton, K. 1985. Atmospheric forcing of interannual variability in the Northeast Pacific Ocean: Connections with El Nifio. J. Geophys. Res. 90, 857– 868. -
Erickson
, D. J., III 1989. Variations in the global air-sea transfer velocity field of CO2. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 37– 41. -
Esbensen
, S. K.and Kushnir, Y. 1981. -
Etcheto
, J., Boutin, J.and Merlivat, L. 1991. Seasonal variation of the CO2 exchange coefficient on the global ocean using satellite wind speed measurements. Tellus, 247– 255. -
Feely
, R. A., Gammon, R. H., Taft, B. A., Pullen, P. E., Waterman, L. S., Conway, T. J., Gendron, J. F.and Wisegarver, D. P. 1987. Distribution of chemical tracers in the eastern equatorial Pacific during and after the 1982-1983 El Nifio/Southern Oscillation event. J. Geophys. Res. 92, 6545– 6558. -
Fushimi
, K. 1987. Variation of carbon dioxide partial pressure in the western North Pacific surface water during the 1982/1983 El Nifio event. Tellus, 214– 227. -
Gammon
, R. H., Sundquist, E. T.and Fraser, P. J. 1985. History of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. In: Atmospheric carbon dioxide and the global carbon cycle (ed . J. R. Trabalka). Washington, DC: US Department of Energy, pp. 25– 62. -
Gordon
, L. I.and Jones, L. B. 1973. The effect of temperature on carbon dioxide partial pressures in seawater. Mar. Chem. 1, 317– 322. -
Gordon
, L. I., Park, P. K., Hager, S. W.and Parsons, T. R. 1971. Carbon dioxide partial pressures in North Pacific surface waters, time variations. J. Oceanogr. Soc. Jpn. 27, 81– 90. -
Gordon
, L. I., Park, P. K., Kelley, J. J.and Hood, D. W. 1973. Carbon dioxide partial pressures in North Pacific surface waters. 2. General late summer distribu-tion. Mar. Chem. 1, 191– 198. -
Hasse
, L. 1971. The sea surface temperature deviation and the heat flow at the sea-air interface. Boundary-layer Met. 1, 368– 379. -
Inoue
, H.and Sugimura, Y. 1988a. Distribution and variations of oceanic carbon dioxide in the western North Pacific, eastern Indian, and Southern Ocean south of Australia. Tellus, 308– 320. -
Inoue
, H.and Sugimura, Y. 1988b. Distribution of the pCO2 in surface seawater of the western and central equatorial Pacific during the 1986/1987 El Nitio/ southern oscillation event. Geophys. Res. Lett. 15, 1499– 1502. -
Inoue
, H.and Sugimura, Y. 1992. Variations and dis-tributions of CO2 in and over the equatorial Pacific during the period from the 1986/1988 El Nifio event to the 1988/1989 La Nifia event. Tellus, 1– 22. -
Inoue
, H., Sugimura, Y.and Fushimi, K. 1987. pCO2 and (5'3C in the air and surface sea water in the western North Pacific. Tellus, 228– 242. -
IPCC
. 1990. Climate change. The IPCC scientific assessment. , G. J., and J. J.(Eds.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1– 40. -
IPCC
. 1992. Climate change 1992. The supplementary report to the IPCC scientific assessment., B. A., and S. K.(Eds.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 200 p. -
Keeling
, C. D.. Carbon dioxide in surface ocean waters. 4. Global distribution. J. Geophys. Res. 73, 4543– 4554. -
Keeling
, C. D. 1973. The carbon dioxide cycle: Reservoir models to depict the exchange of atmospheric carbon dioxide with the oceans and land plants. In: Chemistry of the lower atmosphere . S. I.(ed.) New York: Plenum Press, pp. 251– 329. -
Keeling
, C. D. 1983. The global carbon cycle: what we know and could know from atmospheric, biospheric, and oceanic observations. In: CO2 research conference: carbon dioxide, science, and consensus (CONE-820970). Washington, DC: Oak Ridge Associated Universities. pp. 11. 3-11. 62. -
Keeling
, C. D., Rakestraw, N. W.and Waterman, L. S. 1965. Carbon dioxide in surface waters of the Pacific Ocean. 1. Measurements of the distribution. J. Geophys. Res. 70, 6087– 6097. -
Kelley
, J. J., Jr. 1970. Carbon dioxide in the surface waters of the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents and Kara Seas. Limnol. Oceanogr. 15, 80– 87. -
Kelley
, J. J.and Hood, D. W. 1971. Carbon dioxide in the Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea: upwelling and mixing. J. Geophys. Res. 76, 745– 752. -
Kempe
, S.and Pegler, K. 1991. Sinks and sources of CO2 in coastal seas: the North Sea. Tellus, 224– 235. -
MacIntyre
, F. 1978. On the temperature coefficient of Pco, in seawater. Climatic Change, 349– 354. -
Miyake
, Y.and Sugimura, Y. 1969. Carbon dioxide in the surface water and the atmosphere in the Pacific, the Indian and the Antarctic Ocean areas. Rec. Oceanogr. Works in Jpn. 10, 23– 28. -
Miyake
, Y., Sugimura, Y.and Saruhashi, K. 1974. The carbon dioxide content in the surface waters in the Pacific Ocean. Rec. Oceanogr. Works in Jpn. 12, 45– 52. -
Murphy
, P. P., Feely, R. A., Gammon, R. H., Kelly, K. C.and Waterman, L. S. 1991a. Autumn air-sea disequilibrium of CO2 in the south Pacific Ocean. Mar. Chem. 35, 77– 84. -
Murphy
, P. P., Feely, R. A., Gammon, R. H., Harrison, D. E., Kelly, K. C.and Waterman, L. S. 199 lb. Assess-ment of the air-sea exchange of CO2 in the south Pacific during austral autumn. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 20455– 20467 -
NOAA
. Oceanographic Monthly Summary , nos. 1– 12. -
Oudot
, C.and Andrié, C. 1986. Variabilité des pressions partielles de CO2 océanique et atmosphérique dans l'Atlantique tropical. Oceanologica Acta, 169– 177. -
Oudot
, C., Andrié, C.and Montel, Y. 1987. Evolution du CO2 oceanique et atmospherique sur la période 1982-1984 dans l'Atlantique tropical. Deep-Sea Res. 34, 1107– 1137. -
Oudot
, C.and Andrié, C. 1989. Short-term changes in the partial pressure of CO2 in eastern tropical Atlantic surface seawater and in atmospheric CO2 mole frac-tion. Tellus, 537– 553. -
Pickard
, G. L.and Emery, W. J. 1982. -
Poisson
, A., Metzl, N., Brunet, C., Schauer, B., Bres, B., Rutz-Pino, D.and Louanchi, F. 1993. Variability of sources and sinks of CO2 n the western Indian and southern Oceans during the year 1991. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 22759– 22778, -
Quay
, P. D., Tilbrook, B.and Wong, C. S. 1992. Oceanic uptake of fossil fuel CO2: carbon-13 evidence. Science, 74– 79. -
Robertson
, J. E.and Watson, A. J. 1992. Thermal skin effect of the surface ocean and its implications for CO2 uptake. Nature, 738– 740. -
Roos
, M.and Gravenhorst, G. 1984. The increase in oceanic carbon dioxide and the net flux into the North Atlantic. J. Geophys. Res. 89, 8181– 8193. -
Sarmiento
, J. L.and Sundquist, E. T. 1992. Revised budget for the oceanic uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide. Nature, 589– 593. -
Sarmiento
, J. L., Orr, J. C.and Siegenthakr, U. 1992. A perturbation simulation of CO2 uptake in an ocean general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res. 97, 3621– 3645. -
Sekine
, Y. 1988. Anomalous southward intrusion of the Oyashio east of Japan. 1. Influence of the seasonal and interannual variations in the wind stress over the North Pacific. J. Geophys. Res. 93, 2247– 2255. -
Siegenthakr
, U.and Joos, F. 1992. Use of a simple model for studying oceanic tracer distribution and the global carbon cycle. Tellus, 186– 207. -
Siegenthaler
, U.and Sarmiento, J. L. 1993. Atmospheric carbon dioxide and the ocean. Nature, 119– 125. -
Takahashi
, T. 1989. The carbon dioxide puzzle. Oceanus, 22– 29. -
Takahashi
, T., Chipman, D.and Volk, T. 1983. Geographical, seasonal, and secular variations of the partial pressure of CO2 in surface waters of the North Atlantic Ocean: The results of the North Atlantic TTO Program. In:. Carbon dioxide research conference: carbon dioxide, science and consensus (CONF -820970). Washington, DC: Oak Ridge Associated Universities, pp. 11. 123-11. 145. -
Takahashi
, T., Goddard, J., Sutherland, S., Chipman, D. W.and Breeze, C. C. 1986. Seasonal and geographic variability of carbon dioxide sink/source in the oceanic areas: observations in the North and Equatorial Pacific Ocean , 1984-1986 and global summary. DOE Tech-nical Report MRETTA 19X-89675C, pp. 1– 52. -
Takahashi
, T., Olafsson, J., Goddard, J. G., Chipman, D. W.and Sutherland, S. C. 1993. Seasonal variation of CO2 and nutrients in the high-latitude surface oceans: A comparative study. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 843– 878. -
Tans
, P. P., Fung, I. Y.and Takahashi, T. 1990. Observa-tional constraints on the global atmospheric CO2 budget. Science, 1431– 1438. -
Trenberth
, K. E.and Hurrell, J. W. 1994. Decadal atmos-phere-ocean variations in the Pacific. aim. Dynamics, 303– 319. -
UNESCO 1991.
R eference materials for oceanic carbon dioxide measurements. Unesco Technical Papers in Marine Science 60. Paris, France: Unesco. 41 p. -
Van Scoy
, K. A.and Druffel, E. R. M. 1993. Ventilation and transport of thermocline and intermediate waters in the Northeast Pacific during recent El Nifios. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 18083– 18088. -
Venrick
, E. L., McGowan, J. A., Cayan, D. R.and Hayward, T. L. 1987. Climate and chlorophyll a: Long-term trends in the central North Pacific Ocean. Science, 70– 72. -
Watson
, A. J., Robinson, C., Robinson, J. E., Williams, P. J. le B. and Fasham, M. J. R. 1991. Spatial variability in the sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide in the North Atlantic. Nature 350, 50– 53 -
Weiss
, R. F. 1974. Carbon dioxide in water and seawater: the solubility of a non-ideal gas. Mar. Chem. 2, 203– 215. -
Weiss
, R. F. 1981. Determinations of carbon dioxide and methane by dual catalyst flame ionization chromato-graphy and nitrous oxide by electron capture chroma-tography. J. Chromatgr. Sc i. 19, 611– 616. -
Weiss
, R. F., Jahnke, R. A.and Keeling, C. D. 1982. Seasonal effects of temperature and salinity on the partial pressure of CO2 in seawater. Nature, 511– 513. -
Weiss
, R. F., Van Woy, F. A.and Salameh, P. K. 1992. Surface water and atmospheric carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide observations by shipboard automated gas chromatography: Results from expeditions between 1977 and 1990 . Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, 616 p. -
Wong
, C. S.and Chan, Y.-H. 1991. Temporal variations in the partial pressure and flux of CO2 at Ocean Station P in the subarctic northeast Pacific Ocean. Tellus, 206– 223. -
Wong
, C. S., Chan, Y.-H., Page, J. S., Smith, G. E.and Bellegay, R. D. 1993. Changes in equatorial CO2 flux and new production estimated from CO2 and nutrient levels in Pacific surface waters during the 1986/1987 El Nitio. Tellus, 64– 79. -
Woodwell
, G. M., Whittaker, R. H., Reiners, W. A., Likens, G. E., Delwiche, C. C.and Botkin, C. B. 1978. The biota and the world carbon budget. Science, 141– 146.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v47i4.16058 | Journal eISSN: 1600-0889
Language: English
Page range: 414 - 430
Submitted on: Mar 18, 1994
Accepted on: Mar 20, 1995
Published on: Jan 1, 1995
Published by: Stockholm University Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
© 1995 C. S. Wong, Y.-H. Chan, J. S. Page, G. E. Smith, R. D. Bellegay, K. Iseki, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.