Seasonal uptake of anthropogenic CO2 in an ocean general circulation model

Nicholas K. Taylor

doi:10.3402/tellusb.v47i1-2.16037

Seasonal uptake of anthropogenic CO2 in an ocean general circulation model

Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology

Volume 47 (1995): Issue 1-2

By: Nicholas K. Taylor

Open Access

|Jan 1995

Bacastow , R. B . 1981. Numerical evaluation of the eva-sion factor. In: Carbon cycle modelling (ed. B. Bolin ). New York . John Wiley , pp. 95 – 101.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bacastow , R. B. and Maier-Reimer , E . 1990 . Ocean-circulation model of the carbon cycle . aim. Dyn . 4 , 95 – 125 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bottomley , M. , Folland , C. K. , Hsiung , J. , Newell , R. E. and Parker , D. E . 1990. Global ocean surface temperature atlas (GOSTA). A joint project of the Meteorological Office and Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. HMSO, London, 333 pp.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Broecker , W. S. and Peng , T. H . 1982 . Tracers in the sea . Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory , Palisades , NY , 690 pp .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bryan , F . 1987 . Parameter sensitivity of primitive equation ocean general circulation models . J. Phys. Oceanogr . 17 , 970 – 985 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bryan , K . 1969 . A numerical method for the study of the circulation of the world ocean . J. Comput. Phys . 4 , 347 – 379 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bryan , K . 1984 . Accelerating the convergence to equi-librium of ocean climate models . J. Phys. Oceanogr . 14 , 666 – 673 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bryan , K. and Lewis , L. J . 1979 . A water mass model of the world ocean . J. Geophys. Res . 84 , 2503 – 2517 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Carrissimo , B. C. , Oort , A. H. and Yonder Haar , T. H . 1985 . Estimates of the meridional energy transports in the atmosphere and ocean . J. Phys. Oceanogr . 15 , 82 – 91 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Chen , C.-T. A . 1982a . On the distribution of anthropogenic CO, in the Atlantic and Southern oceans . Deep-Sea Res . 5 , 563 – 580 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Chen , C.-T. A . 1982b . Oceanic penetration of excess CO2 in a cross section between Alaska and Hawaii . Geophys. Res. Lett . 9 , 117 – 119 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Cox , M. D . 1984 . A primitive equation, 3-dimensional model of the ocean . GFDL Ocean Group Tech. Rep. No . 1 , 143 pp .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Cox , M. D . 1987 . Isopycnal diffusion in a z-coordinate ocean model . Ocean Modelling 74 , 1 – 5 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
England , M. H . 1992 . On the formation of antarctic intermediate and bottom water in ocean general circulation models . J. Phys. Oceanogr . 22 , 918 – 926 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
England , M. H . 1993 . Representing the global-scale water masses in ocean general circulation models . J. Phys. Oceanogr . 23 , 1523 – 1552 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Esbensen , S. K. and Kushnir , Y . 1981. The heat budget of the global ocean: an atlas based on estimates from sur-face marine observations. Climate Research Institute, Rep. No. 29, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Etcheto , J. and Merlivat , L . 1988 . Satellite determination of the carbon dioxide exchange coefficient at the ocean-atmosphere interface: A first step . J. Geophys. Res . 93 , 15669 – 15678 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gargett , A. E. and Holloway , G . 1992 . Sensitivity of the GFDL ocean model to different diffusivities for heat and salt./ . Phys. Oceanogr . 22 , 1158 – 1177 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Godfrey , J. S . 1989 . A Sverdrup model of the depth-integrated flow for the world ocean allowing for island circulations . Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn . 45 , 89 – 112 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Goyet , C. and Poisson , A . 1989 . New determination of carbonic acid dissociation constants in seawater as a function of temperature and salinity . Deep Sea Res . 36 , 1635 – 1654 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Haney , R. L . 1971 . Surface thermal boundary condition for ocean circulation models . J. Phys. Oceanogr . 1 , 241 – 248 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hellerman , S. and Rosenstein , M . 1983 . Normal monthly wind stress over the world ocean with error estimates . J. Phys. Oceanogr . 13 , 1093 – 1104 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hibler , W. D . 1979 . A dynamic-thermodynamic sea-ice model . J. Phys. Oceanogr . 9 , 815 – 846 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hirst , A. C. and Godfrey , J. S . 1993 . The role of Indonesian throughflow in a global ocean GCM . J. Phys. Oceanogr . 23 , 1057 – 1086 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hsuing , J . 1985 . Estimates of global oceanic meridional heat transport . J. Phys. Oceanogr . 15 , 1405 – 1413 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Meson , S. and Gordon , C . 1989. Parametrization of the upper ocean mixed layer in a tropical ocean GCM. Dynamical Climatology Technical Note No. 74. UK Meteorological Office, Bracknell.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
IPCC. 1990. Climate change: the IPCC scientific assess-ment. (eds. J. T. Houghton , G. J. Jenkins , and J. J. Cambridge, UK. Cambridge University Press , 365 pp.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Jaeger , L . 1976. Monatskarten des Niederschlags fur die Ganze Erde. Bet Deutsch Wetterdienstes 18, no. 139.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kraus , E. B. and Turner , J. S . 1967 . A one-dimensional model of the seasonal thermocline. II. The general theory and its consequences . Tellus 19 , 98 – 105 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Keeling , C. D. , Piper , S. C. and Heimann , M . 1989 . A three dimensional model of atmospheric CO, transport based on observed winds, 4, Mean annual gradients and interannual variations . In: Aspects of climate variability in the Pacific and the Western Americas (ed. D. H. Peterson ). Washington , DC. AGU , pp. 305 – 363 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Keeling , R. F. and Shertz , S. R . 1992 . Seasonal and atmospheric variations in atmospheric oxygen and implications for the global carbon cycle . Nature 358 , 723 – 727 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Knaus , J . 1969 . A note on the transport of the Gulf Stream . Deep Sea Res . 16, suppl ., 117 – 124 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Levitus , S . 1982 . Climatological atlas of the world ocean . NOAA Professional Paper 13 , US Dept. of Com-merce , 173 pp .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Liss , P. and Merlivat , L . 1986 . Air-sea gas exchange rates , introduction and synthesis. In: The role of air-sea exchange in geochemical cycling (ed. P. Buat-Menard ). Dordrecht. D. Reidel, pp. 113 – 128 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Maier-Reimer , E. and Hasselmann , K . 1987 . Transport and storage of CO, in the ocean, an inorganic ocean-circulation carbon cycle model . Clim. Dyn . 2 , 63 – 90 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Manabe , S. and Stouffer , R . 1988 . Two stable equilibria of a coupled ocean-atmosphere model . J. Climate 1 , 841 – 866 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Marland , G . 1989. Fossil fuels CO, emissions. CDIAC Communications, Winter 1989, pp. 1 – 3. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mehrbach , C. , Culberson , C. H. , Hawley , J. E. and Pytkowicz , R. M . 1973 . Measurement of apparent dis-sociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater at atmospheric pressure . Limnol. Oceanogr . 18 , 897 – 907 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Murphy , J . 1994 . Transient response of the Hadley Centre coupled ocean-atmosphere model to increasing carbon dioxide . Part I. Control climate and flux correction. Journal of Climate , in press .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Nowlin , W. D. Jr. and Klinck , J. M . 1986 . The physics of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current . Rev. Geophys . 24 , 469 – 491 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Pacanowski , R. C. and Philander , S. G. H . 1981 . Parameterization of vertical mixing in numerical models of tropical oceans . J. Phys. Oceanogr . 11 , 1443 – 1451 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Pearman , G. I. , Hyson , P. and Fraser , P. J . 1983 . The global distribution of atmospheric carbon dioxide . J. Geophys. Res . 88 , 3581 – 3590 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Peng , T.-H. , Takahashi , T. and Broecker , W . 1987 . Seasonal variability of carbon dioxide, nutrients and oxygen in the northern North Atlantic surface water: observations and a model . Tellus 39B , 439 – 458 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Redi , M. H . 1982 . Oceanic isopycnal mixing by coor-dinate rotation . J. Phys. Oceanogr . 12 , 1154 – 1158 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Roberts , D. L. and Cattle , H . 1989. Simulation of sea-ice in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. Dynamical Climatology Technical Note no. 85. UK Meteorologi-cal Office, Bracknell.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sarmiento , J. L. , On , J. C. and Siegenthaler , U . 1992 . A perturbation simulation of CO2 uptake in an ocean general circulation model . J. Geophys. Res . 97 , 3621 – 3645 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Semtner , A. J . 1976 . A model for the thermodynamic growth of sea ice in numerical investigations of climate . J. Phys. Oceanogr . 6 , 379 – 389 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Takahashi , T. , Olafsson , J. , Goddard , J. G. , Chipman , D. W. and Sutherland , S. C . 1993 . Seasonal variation of CO2 and nutrients in the high latitude oceans: a comparative study . Global Biogeochemical Cycles 7 , 843 – 878 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Tans , P. P. , Fung , I. Y. and Takahashi , T . 1990 . Observa-tional constraints on the global atmospheric CO2 budget . Science 247 , 1431 – 1438 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Taylor , N. K . 1992 . The role of the ocean in the global carbon cycle. Part 2: Climate feedbacks . Weather 47 , 237 – 241 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Thomas , F. , Perigaud , C. , Merlivat , L. and Minster , J. F . 1988 . World scale monthly mapping of the CO2 ocean-atmosphere gas transfer coefficient . Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser . A 325 , 71 – 83 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Toggweiler , J. R. , Dixon , K. and Bryan , K . 1989 . Simula-tions of radiocarbon in a coarse-resolution, world ocean model. I. Steady state, pre-bomb distributions . J. Geophys. Res . 94 , 8217 – 8242 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wanninkhof , R . 1992 . Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean . J. Geophys. Res . 97 , 7373 – 7382 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Yin , F. L. and Fung , I. Y . 1991 . Net diffusivity in ocean general circulation models with nonuniform grids . J. Geophys. Res . 96 , 10773 – 10776 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article