Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), peroxypropionyl nitrate (PPN) and PAN/ozone ratio measurements at three sites in Germany Cover

Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), peroxypropionyl nitrate (PPN) and PAN/ozone ratio measurements at three sites in Germany

Open Access
|Jan 1993

References

  1. Altshuller , A. P . 1983 . Measurements of the products of atmospheric photochemical reactions in laboratory studies and in ambient air: relationships between ozone and other products . Atmos. Environ . 17 , 2387 2427 .
  2. Atkinson , R. and Lloyd , A. C . 1984 . Evaluation of kinetic and mechanistic data for modeling of photochemical smog . J. Phys. Chem. Ref Data 13 , 315 444 .
  3. Bottenheim , J. W. and Gallant , A. J . 1989 . PAN over the Arctic; observations during AGASP-2 in April 1986 . J. Atmos. Chem . 9 , 301 316 .
  4. Brewer , D. A. , Ogliaruso , M. A. , Augustsson , T. R. and Levine , J. S . 1984 . The oxidation of isoprene in the troposphere: mechanism and model calculations . Atmos. Environ . 18 , 2723 2744 .
  5. Brice , K. A. , Penkett , S. A. , Atkins , D. H. F. , Sandalls , F. J. , Bamber , D. J. , Tuck , A. F. and Vaughn , G . 1984 . Atmospheric measurements of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in rural south-east England: seasonal variations, winter photochemistry and long-range transport . Atmos. Environ . 18 , 2691 2702 .
  6. Bruckmann , P. and Eynck , P . 1979 . Analyse der Bildund von Photooxidantien an der MeBstelle Essen-Sued . Schriftenreihe der Landesanstalt far Immissionsschutz des Landes NW 49 , 19 28 .
  7. Ciccioli , P. , Brancaleoni , E. , DiPalo , V. , Liberti , M. and DiPalo , C. 1986. Misura delle alterazoni della qualita dell aria da fenomeni di smog fotochimico. Acqua-Aria 7 , 675 683
  8. Corkum , R. , Giesbrecht , W. W. , Bradsley , T. and Cherniak , E. 1986. Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in the atmosphere at Simcoe, Canada. Atmos. Environ. 20 , 1241 1248
  9. Cox , R. A. and Roffey , M. J . 1977 . Thermal decomposition of peroxyacetyl nitrate in the presence of nitric oxide . Environ. Sci TechnoL 11 , 900 906 .
  10. Darley , E. F. , Kettner , K. A. and Stephens , E. R . 1963 . Analysis of peroxyacyl nitrates by gas chromatography with electron capture detection . Analyt. Chem . 35 , 589 591 .
  11. Ehhalt , D. H. , Schmidt , U. , Zander , R. , Demoulin , P. and Rinslarid, C. P. 1991 . Seasonal cycle and secular trend of the total and tropospheric abundance of ethane above the Jungfraujoch . J. Geophys. Res. 96 , 4985 4994
  12. Enders , G. , Dlugi , R. , Steinbrecher , R. , Clement , B. , Daiber , R. , Eijk , J. v. , Gab , S. , Haziza , M. , Heal , G. , Herrmann, U. , Kessel, M. , Kesselmeier, J. , Kotzias, D. , Kourtidis, K. , Kurth, H.-H. , McMillen, R. T. , Roider, G. , Schiirmann, W. , Teichmann, U. and Torres, L. 1991 . Biosphere/Atmosphere interactions: Integrated research in a European coniferous forest ecosystem . Atmos. Environ. 26 171 189
  13. Fahey , D. W. , Huebler , G. , Parish , D. D. , Williams , E. J. , Norton, R. B. , Ridley, B. A. , Singh, H. B. , Liu, S. C. and Fehsenfeld, F. C. 1986 . Reactive nitrogen species in the troposphere: measurements of NO, NO2, HNO3, particulate nitrate, peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), 03, and total reactive odd nitrogen (N0y), at Niwot Ridge, Colorado . J. Geophys. Res. 91 9781 9793
  14. Fehsenfeld , F. C. , Drummond , J. W. , Roychowdhury , U. K. , Galvin , P. J. , Williams, E. J. , Buhr, M. P. , Parish, D. D. , Huebler, G. , Langford, A. O. , Calvert, J. G. , Ridley, B. A. , Grahek, F. , Heikes, B. G. , Kok, G. L ., Shetter, J. D. , Walega, J. G. , Elsworth, C. M. , Norton, R. B. , Fahey, D. W. , Murphy, P. C. , Hovermale, C. , Mohnen, V. A. , Demerjian, K. L. , Mackay, G. I. and Schiff, H. I. 1990 . Intercomparison of NO2 measurement techniques . J. Geophys. Res. 95 3579 3597
  15. Garland , J. A. and Penkett , S. A . 1976 . Absorption of peroxyacetyl nitrate and ozone by natural surfaces . Atmos. Environ . 10 , 1127 1131 .
  16. Helmig , D. , Mueller , J. and Klein , W . 1990 . Analysis of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in the vertical profile of a spruce stand . Atmos. Environ . 24 , 2141 2152 .
  17. Hess , P. and Brezowsky , H . 1977. Katalog der Grosswet-terlagen Europas, 3. Auflage, Ber. Dtsch. Wetterdienst 15 , Nr. 113.
  18. Hill , A. C . 1971 . Vegetation: a sink for atmospheric pollutants . J. Air Pollut. Control Ass . 21 , 341 346 .
  19. Hov , O. , Penkett , S. A. , Isaksen , I. S. A. and Semp , A . 1984 . Organic gases in the Norwegian Arctic . J. Atmos. Chem . 3 , 3 27 .
  20. Kelly , T. J. , Spicer , C. W. and Ward , G. F . 1990 . An assessment of the Luminol chemiluminescence technique for measurement of NO2 in ambient air . Atmos. Environ . 24 , 2397 2403 .
  21. Kourtidis , K. A. , Rappenglück, B. , Fabian, P. and Borchers, R. 1990 . Measurements of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and other photooxidants in the urban area of Munich: preliminary results. In: 10th International Clean Air Conference 1990 (ed. P. Gibson ). Auckland/New Zealand: Clean Air Society of Australia and New Zealand, 223 226.
  22. Kourtidis , K. A . 1991. Photo-oxidants in urban and rural locations. PhD thesis, University of Thessaloniki, Greece, December 1991.
  23. Lightman , P. , Kallend , A. S. , Marsh , A. R. W. , Jones , B. M. R. and Penkett , S. A . 1990 . Seasonal variation of hydrocarbons in the free troposphere at mid-latitudes . Tellus 42B , 408 422 .
  24. Label , J. , Wipprecht , V. and Schurath , U. 1980. Messungen von Peroxyacetylnitrat (PAN) in Aussenluft. Staub-Reinhalt. Luft 40 , 243 244
  25. Lovelock , J. E . 1977 . PAN in the natural environment; its possible significance in the epidemiology of skin cancer . Ambio 6 , 131 133 .
  26. LON Jahresbericht , 1988 . Hannover/FRG: Nieder-sächsisches Landasamt fiir Immissionsschutz, Göttinger Str. 14,3000 Hannover 91,15-25.
  27. LON Jahresbericht , 1989 . Hannover/FRG: Nieder-sächsisches Landasamt far Immissionsschutz, Göttinger Str. 14,3000 Hannover 91,20-37.
  28. Mudd , J. B . 1966 . Reaction of peroxyacetyl nitrate with glutathione . J. Biol. Chem . 241 , 4077 4080 .
  29. Nieboer , H. and Van Ham , J . 1976 . Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in relation to ozone and some meteorological parameters at Delft in The Netherlands . Atmos. Environ . 10 , 115 120 .
  30. Nielsen , T. , Samuelsson , U. , Grenfelt , P. and Thomsen , E. L . 1981 . Peroxyacetyl nitrate in long-range trans-ported polluted air . Nature 293 , 553 555 .
  31. Nielsen , T. , Hansen , A. M. and Thomsen , E. L . 1982 . A convenient method for preparation of pure standards of peroxyacetyl nitrate for atmospheric analyses . Atmos. Environ . 16 , 2447 2450 .
  32. Peak , M. J. and Belser , W. L . 1969 . Some effects of the air pollutant peroxyacetyl nitrate upon desoxyribonucleic acid and upon nucleic acid bases . Atmos. Environ . 3 , 385 397 .
  33. Peake , E. and Sandhu , H. S . 1983 . The formation of ozone and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in the urban atmospheres of Alberta . Can. J. Chem . 61 , 927 935 .
  34. Penkett , S. A. and Brice, K. A. 1986 . The spring maximum of photooxidants in the northern hemisphere troposphere. Nature 319 655 657
  35. Penkett , S. A. , Blake , N. J. , Lightman , P. , Marsh , A. R. W. and Anwyl , P . 1993 . The seasonal variation of nonmethane hydrocarbons in the free troposphere over the north Atlantic ocean: possible evidence for extensive reaction of hydrocarbons with the nitrate radical . J. Geophys. Res . 98 , 2865 2885 .
  36. Perros , P. , Tsalkani , N. and Toupance , G . 1988 . PAN measurements in a forested area (Donon, France) . Environmental Technology Letters 9 , 351 358 .
  37. Rappenglack , B . 1990. Peroxyacetylnitrat (PAN)- und Ozon-Messungen in München, Degree Thesis in Meteorology, University of Munich, FRG, December 1990.
  38. Ridley , B. A. , Shetter , J. D. , Gandrud , B. W. , Salas , L. J. , Singh , H. B. , Carroll , M. A. , Huebler , G. , Albritton , D. L. , Hastie , D. R. , Schiff , H. I. , Mackay , G. I. , Karechi , D. R. , Davis , D. D. , Bradshaw , J. D. , Rodgers , M. O. , Sandholm , S. T. , Torres , A. L. , Condon , E. P. , Gregory , G.L. and Beck , S.M. 1990a. Ratios of peroxyacetyl nitrate to active nitrogen observed during aircraft flights over the eastern Pacific oceans and continental United States. J. Geophys. Res. 95 , 10179 10192
  39. Ridley , B. A. , Shetter , J. D. , Walega , J. G. , Madronich , S. , Elsworth , C. M. , Grahek , F. E. , Fehsenfeld , F. C. , Norton , R. B. , Parish , D. D. , Huebler , G. , Buhr , M. , Williams , E. J. , Allwine , E. J. and Westberg , H. H . 1990b . The behaviour of some organic nitrates at Niwot Ridge, Colorado . J. Geophys. Res . 95 , 13949 13961 .
  40. Roberts , J. M . 1990 . The atmospheric chemistry of organic nitrates . Atmos. Environ . 24 , 243 287 .
  41. Römpps Chemie-Lexikon , 7th edition , 1973 . Stuttgart/FRG : O.-A. Neumaller, Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung , Vol. 3 , 1817 .
  42. Rudolph , J. , Vierkorn-Rudolph , B. and Meixner , F. X . 1987 . Large-scale distribution of peroxyacetylnitrate results from the STRATOZ III flights . J. Geophys. Res . 92 , 6653 6661 .
  43. Schmidt , M . 1993. Results of ozone measurements in northern Germany, a case study . In: Quadrennial Ozone Symposium 1992 (eds. R. Bojkov and R. Hudson ) (in press) .
  44. Shepson , P. B. , Kleindienst , T. E. , Edney , E. O. , Nero, C. M. , Cupitt, L. T. and Claxton, L. D. 1986 . Ace-taldehyde: the mutagenic activity of its reaction products . Environ. Sci. Technol . 20 1008 1013
  45. Shepson , P. B. , Hastie , D. R. , So , K. W. and Schiff , H. I . 1992a . Relationships between PAN, PPN and 03 at urban and rural sites in Ontario . Atmos. Environ . 26 , 1259 1270 .
  46. Shepson , P. B. , Bottenheim , J. W. , Hastie , D. R. and Venkatram , A . 1992b . Determination of the relative ozone and PAN deposition velocities at night . Geophys. Res. Lett . 19 , 1121 1124 .
  47. Singh , H. B. and Hanst , P. L . 1981 . Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in the unpolluted atmosphere: an important reservoir for nitrogen oxides . Geophys. Res. Lett . 8 , 941 944 .
  48. Singh , H. B. and Salas , L. J . 1982 . Measurement of selected light hydrocarbons over the Pacific ocean: latitudinal and seasonal variations . Geophys. Res. Lett . 9 , 842 845 .
  49. Singh , H. B. and Salas , L. J . 1983 . Peroxyacetyl nitrate in the free troposphere . Nature 302 , 326 328 .
  50. Singh , H. B. , Salas , L. J. , Ridley , B. A. , Shetter , J. D. , Donahue , N. M. , Fehsenfeld , F. C. , Fahey , D. W. , Parish , D. D. , Williams , E. J. , Liu , S. C. , Huebler , G. and Murphy , P. C . 1985 . Relationship between peroxyacetyl nitrate and nitrogen oxides in the clean troposphere . Nature 318 , 347 349 .
  51. Singh , H. B. , Salas , L. J. and Viezee , W . 1986 . Global distribution of peroxyacetyl nitrate . Nature 321 , 588 591 .
  52. Singh , H. B. and Salas , L. J . 1989 . Measurements of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and peroxypropionyl nitrate (PPN) at selected urban, rural and remote sites . Atmos. Environ . 23 , 231 238 .
  53. Singh , H. B. , Condon , E. , Vedder , J. , O'Hara , D. , Ridley , B. A. , Gandrud , B. W. , Shetter , J. D. , Salas , L. J. , Huebert , B. , Huebler , G. , Carroll , M. A. , Albritton , D. L. , Davis , D. D. , Bradshaw , J. D. , Sandholm , S. T. , Rodgers , M. O. , Beck , S. M. , Gregory , G. I. and LeBel , P. J . 1990 . Peroxyacetyl nitrate measurements during CITE 2: Atmospheric distribution and precursor relationships . J. Geophys. Res . 95 , 10163 10178 .
  54. Stephens , E. R . 1969 . The formation, reactions and properties of peroxyacyl nitrates in photochemical air pollution . Adv. Envir. Sci. Technot 1 , 119 146 .
  55. Taylor , O. C . 1969 . Importance of peroxyacetyl nitrate as a phytotoxic air pollutant . J. Air Pollut. Control Ass . 19 , 347 351 .
  56. Trainer , M. , Buhr , M. P. , Curran , C. M. , Fehsenfeld , F. C. , Hsie , E. Y. , Liu , S. C. , Norton , R. B. , Parrish , D. D. , Williams , E. J. , Gandrud , B. W. , Ridley , B. A. , Shetter , J. D. , Allwine , E. J. and Westberg , H. H . 1991 . Observations and modeling of the reactive nitrogen photochemistry at a rural site. J . Geophys. Res . 96 , 3045 3063 .
  57. Tsalkani , N. , Perros , P. and Toupance , G . 1987 . High PAN concentrations during non-summer periods: a study of two episodes in Creteil (Paris), France . J. Atmos. Chem . 5 , 291 299 .
  58. Walega , J. G. , Ridley , B. A. , Madronich , S. , Grahek , F. E. , Shetter , J. D. , Sauvain , T. D. , Hahn , C. J. , Merill , J. T. , Bodhaine , B. A. and Robinson , E . 1992 . Observations of peroxyacetyl nitrate, peroxypropionyl nitrate, methyl nitrate and ozone during the Mauna Loa Observatory photochemical experiment . J. Geophys. Res . 97 , 10311 10330 .
  59. Wendt , J . 1991. Simultane Messung von NO, NO2 und HNO3 unter simulierten stratospharischen Bedingungen. Ph.D. thesis, University of Gottingen, FRG, April 1991.
Language: English
Page range: 442 - 457
Submitted on: Sep 24, 1992
Accepted on: Jun 5, 1993
Published on: Jan 1, 1993
Published by: Stockholm University Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 1993 K. A. Kourtidis, P. Fabian, C. Zerefos, B. Rappenglück, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.