Use of a simple model for studying oceanic tracer distributions and the global carbon cycle

U. Siegenthaler; F. Joos

doi:10.3402/tellusb.v44i3.15441

Use of a simple model for studying oceanic tracer distributions and the global carbon cycle

Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology

Volume 44 (1992): Issue 3

By: U. Siegenthaler and F. Joos

Open Access

|Jan 1992

Bacastow , R . 1981. Numerical evaluation of the evasion factor . In: Carbon Cycle Modelling (ed. B. Bolin ). SCOPE 16. Wiley , 95 – 101.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Broecker , W. S. , Peng , T.-H. and Eng , R . 1980 . Modeling the carbon system . Radiocarbon 22 , 565 – 580 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Broecker , W. S. and Peng , T.-H . 1982 . Tracers in the sea . Eldigio Press, Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory , Palisades , N.Y .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Broecker , W. S. , Peng , T.-H. , Ostlund , G. and Stuiver , M . 1985 . The distribution of bomb radiocarbon in the ocean . J. Geophys. Res . 90 , 6953 – 6970 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Druffel , E. M. and Suess , H. E . 1983 . On the radiocarbon record in banded corals . J. Geophys. Res . 88 , 1271 – 1280 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Druffel , E. M. and Benavides , L. M . 1986 . Input of excess CO2 to the surface ocean based on “C/“C ratios in a banded Jamaica sclerosponge . Nature 321 , 58 – 61 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Enting , I. G. and Pearman , G. I . 1987 . Description of a one-dimensional carbon cycle model calibrated using techniques of constrained inversion . Tellus 39B , 459 – 476 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Friedli , H. , Loetscher , H. , Oeschger , H. , Siegenthaler , U. and Stauffer , B . 1986 . Ice core record of the “C/“C ratio of atmospheric carbon dioilde in the past two centuries . Nature 324 , 237 – 238 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gargett , A. E . 1976 . An investigation of the occurrence of oceanic turbulence with respect to finestructure . J. Phys. Oceanogr . 6 , 139 – 156 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gargett , A. E . 1984 . Vertical diffusivity in the ocean interior . J. Marine Res . 42 , 359 – 393 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Garrett , C . 1979 . Mixing in the ocean interior . Dyn. Atmos. Oceans 3 , 239 – 265 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hoffert , M. I . 1989. The ocean in one dimension: up-welling, turbulence, temperature, oxygen, nutrients and carbon. 3rd Internat. Conference on Analysis and evaluation of atmospheric CO2 data, extended abstracts . Report E.P.M.R.P. No. 59 , pp. 195 – 201. WMO, Geneva.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 1990 . Climate change, the IPCC scientific assessment . WMO/UNEP. Cambridge University Press .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Joos , F. , Sarmiento , J. L. and Siegenthaler , U . 1991a . Estimates of the effect of Southern Ocean iron fertilization on atmospheric CO2 concentrations . Nature 349 , 772 – 775 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Joos , F. , Siegenthaler , U. and Sarmiento , J. L . 1991b . Possible effects of iron fertilization in the Southern Ocean on atmospheric CO2 concentration . Global Biogeochem. Cycles 5 , 135 – 150 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Junkins , J. L . 1978 . An introduction to optimal estimation of dynamical systems . Sijthoff & Noordhoff , Alphen NL .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Keeling , C. D. , Bacastow , R. B. , Carter , A. F. , Piper , S. C. , Whorl , T. P. , Heimann , M. , Mook , W. G. and Roeloffzen , H . 1989a . A three dimensional model of atmospheric CO2 transport based on observed winds: 1. Analysis of observational data . Geophysical Monograph 55 , 165 – 236 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Keeling , C. D. , Piper , S. C. and Heimann , M . 1989b . A three dimensional model of atmospheric CO2 transport based on observed winds: 4. Mean annual gradients and interannual variations . Geophysical Monograph 55 , 305 – 363 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Knox , F. and McElroy , M. B . 1984 . Changes in atmospheric CO2: influence of the marine biota at high latitudes . J. Geophys. Res . 89 , 4629 – 4637 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Levitus , S . 1982. Climatological atlas of the world oceans. NOAA Professional Paper 13, US Govt. Printing Off., Washington, D.C., 133 pp.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Maier-Reimer , E. and Hasselmann , K . 1987 . Transport and storage of CO2 in the ocean, an inorganic ocean-circulation carbon cycle model . Climate Dynamics 2 , 63 – 90 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Marland , G . 1989. Fossil fuels CO2 emissions. CDIAC Communications, Winter 1989. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN. 1 – 3.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mook , W. G . 1986 . “C in atmospheric CO2 . Netherlands J. Sea Research 20 , 211 – 223 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Neftel , A. , Moor , E. , Oeschger , H. and Stauffer , B . 1985 . Evidence from polar ice cores for the increase in atmospheric CO2 in the past two centuries . Nature 315 , 45 – 47 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Newell , R. E . 1963 . The general circulation of the atmo-sphere and its effects on the movement of tracer substances . J. Geophys. Res . 68 , 3949 – 3962 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Nozaki , Y. , Rye , D. M. , Turekian , K. K. and Dodge , R. E . 1978 . A 200 year record of carbon-13 and carbon-14 variations in a Bermuda coral. Geophys. Res. Lett. 5, carbon-13 and carbon-14 variations in a Bermuda coral . Geophys. Res. Lett . 5 , 825 – 828 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Oeschger , H. , Siegenthaler , U. , Schotterer , U. and Gugel-mann , A . 1975 . A box diffusion model to study the carbon dioxide exchange in nature . Tellus 27 , 168 – 192 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Peng , T.-H. , Takahashi , T. and Broecker , W. S . 1987 . Seasonal variability of carbon dioxide, nutrients and oxygen in the North Atlantic surface water: observations and a model . Tellus 39B , 439 – 458 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Pond , S. and Pickard , G. L . 1983 . Introductory dynamical oceanography . Pergamon Press , Oxford .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Rotty , R. M. and Masters , C. D . 1985 . Carbon dioxide from fossil fuel combustion . In: Atmospheric carbon dioxide and the global carbon cycle (ed. J. Trabalka ). DOE/ER-0239 , U.S. Dept. of Energy , Washington, DC , 20545 , 63 – 80 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sarmiento , J. L . 1983 . A simulation of bomb tritium entry into the North Atlantic Ocean . J. Phys. Oceanogr . 13 , 1924 – 1939 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sarmiento , J. L. , Feely , H. W. , Moore , W. S. , Bainbridge , A. E. and Broecker , W. S . 1976 . The relationship between vertical eddy diffusion and buoyancy gradient in the deep sea . Earth Planet. Sci Letters 32 , 357 – 370 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sarmiento , J. L. and Rooth , C. G. H . 1980 . A comparison of vertical and isopycnal mixing models in the deep sea based on radon 222 measurements . J. Geophys. Res . 85 , 1515 – 1518 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sarmiento , J. L. and Toggweiler , J. R . 1984 . A new model for the role of the oceans in determining atmospheric Pco2 . Nature 308 , 621 – 624 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sarmiento , J. L. , Orr , J. C. and Siegenthaler , U . 1992 . A perturbation simulation of CO2 uptake in an Ocean General Circulation Model . J. Geophys. Res . 97 , 3621 – 3645 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Shaffer , G. and Sarmiento , J. L . 1992 . Biogeochemical cycling in the global ocean 1: A new, analytical model with continuous vertical resolution and high latitude dynamics . J. Geophys. Res ., in press .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Siegenthaler , U . 1983 . Uptake of excess CO2 by an out-crop-diffusion model of the ocean . J. Geophys. Res . 88 , 3599 – 3608 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Siegenthaler , U . 1986. Carbon dioxide: its natural cycle and anthropogenic perturbation . In: The role of air-sea exchange in geochemical cycling (ed. P. Buat-Ménard ). Reidel , 209 – 247.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Siegenthaler , U. and Miinnich , K. O . 1981. ¹³C/¹²C fractionation during CO₂ transfer from air to sea . In: Carbon cycle modelling (ed. B. Bolin ). SCOPE 16. Wiley , 249 – 257.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Siegenthaler , U. and Wenk , T . 1984 . Rapid atmospheric CO2 variations and ocean circulation . Nature 308 , 624 – 625 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Siegenthaler , U. and Oeschger , H . 1987 . Biospheric CO2 emissions during the past 200 years reconstructed by deconvolution of ice core data . Tellus 39B , 140 – 154 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Siegenthaler , U. , Friedli , H. , Loetscher , H. , Moor , E. , Neftel , A. , Oeschger , H. and Stauffer , B . 1988 . Stable-isotope ratios and concentration of CO2 in air from polar ice cores . Annals of glaciology 10 , 1 – 6 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Stuiver , M. and Pollach , H . 1977 . Discussion reporting of 14C data . Radiocarbon 19 , 355 – 363 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Stuiver , M. , östlund, H. G. and McConnaughey, T. A. 1981 . GEOSECS Atlantic and Pacific results . In: Carbon Cycle Modelling (ed. B. Bolin ). SCOPE 16. Wiley , 201 – 222.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Stuiver , M. and Quay , P . 1981 . Atmospheric “C changes resulting from fossail fuel CO2 release and cosmic ray flux variability . Earth Planet. Sci Lett . 53 , 349 – 362 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Takahashi , T. , Kaiteris , P. , Broecker , W. S. and Bainbridge , A. E . 1976 . An evaluation of the apparent dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater . Earth Planet. Sci. Letters 32 , 458 – 467 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Tans , P. P . 1981. A compilation of bomb-¹⁴C data for use in global carbon cycle models . In: Carbon cycle modelling (ed. B. Bolin ). SCOPE 16. Wiley , 131 – 158.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Tans , P. P. , Fung , I. Y. and Takahashi , T . 1990 . Observational constraints on the global atmospheric CO2 budget . Science 247 , 1431 – 1438 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Toggweiler , J. R. , Dixon , K. and Bryan , K . 1989a . Simulations of radiocarbon in a coarse resolution world ocean model 1. Steady state prebomb distributions . J. Geophys. Res . 94 , 8217 – 8242 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Toggweiler , J. R. , Dixon , K. and Bryan , K . 1989b . Simulations of radiocarbon in a coarse resolution world ocean model 2. Distributions of bomb-produced carbon-14 . J. Geophys. Res . 94 , 8243 – 8264 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wanninkhof , R . 1992 . Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean . J. Geophys. Res ., in press .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Warner , M. J . 1988 . Chlorofluoromethanes F-11 and F-12: Their solubilities in water and seawater and studies of their distributions in the South Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans . Ph. D. thesis, Univ. of California , San Diego .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Warner , M. J. and Weiss , R. F . 1985 . Solubilities of chlorofluorocarbons 11 and 12 in water and seawater . Deep-Sea Res . 17 , 721 – 735 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Weiss , R. F . 1974 . Carbon dioxide in water and seawater: the solubility of a non-ideal gas . Marine Chemistry 2 , 203 – 215 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Weiss , R. F. , Bullister , J. L. , Warner , M. J. , Van Woy , F. A. and Salameh , P. K . 1990 . AJAX expedition chlorofluorocarbon measurements . Scripps Institution of Oceanography Reference 90-6 , La Jolla , Ca .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Welander , P . 1968. Theoretical forms for the vertical exchange coefficient in a stratified fluid. Ada Soc. Sci Litt. Gothoburgensis, Geophysica I. Gothenburg, Sweden.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article