Variation of the activity of ice nuclei upon exposure to ammonium ion and iodine

Michael T. Reischel

doi:10.3402/tellusb.v39i4.15355

Variation of the activity of ice nuclei upon exposure to ammonium ion and iodine

Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology

Volume 39 (1987): Issue 4

By: Michael T. Reischel

Open Access

|Jan 1987

Abstract

Laboratory experiments were performed to determine the extent to which the ice nucleating abilities of several compounds are influenced by the presence of iodine in different forms. Changes were observed in both freezing (liquid phase) and depositional (vapor phase) ice nucleation abilities of a number of lead nucleant-iodine combinations. Iodine vapor increased the number of deposition nuclei per gram of lead oxide by one order of magnitude. Thermodynamic considerations suggest that at least three other lead compounds may respond similarly to iodine vapor. Freezing nuclei active at - 1 °C were produced from lead oxide particles in the presence of NH₄I; a sensitivity to the temperature prehistory of this system was noted and a qualitative explanation is advanced.

References

Abel , E. W . 1973 . In: Comprehensive inorganic chemis-try , vol. 2 (eds. J. C. Bailar , H. J. Emeleus , R. Nyholm and A. F. Trotman-Dickenson ). Oxford/ England : Pergamon Press , 105 – 146 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Adamson , A. W . 1967 . Physical chemistry of surfaces. New York/USA : Interscience Publishers , 747 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Behringer , A. J . 1975 . Performance evaluation of the HIAC PC-30 particle size analyzer . Fine Particle Conference. Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , 230 – 239 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Borys , R. D. and Duce , R. A . 1979 . Relationships among lead, iodine, trace metals and ice nuclei in a coastal urban atmosphere . J. Appl. Meteorol . 18 , 1490 – 1499 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Boyer , K. W. and Laitinen , H. A . 1975 . Automobile exhaust particulates: properties of environmental sig-nificance . Environ. Sci. Tech . 9 , 457 – 469 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bryant , G. W. , Hallett , J. and Mason , B. J . 1959 . The epitaxial growth of ice on single crystalline sub-stances . Phys. Chem. Solids 11 , 189 – 195 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Cheng , R. J. and Hogan , A. W . 1970 . Microscopic study of lead iodide nucleated ice crystals . The Mi-croscope . 18 , 299 – 302 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Clark , R. J. H . 1973 . Titanium. In: Comprehensive inorganic chemistry, vol. 3 (eds. J. C. Bailar , H. J. Emeleus , R. Nyholm and A. F. Trotman-Dickenson ). Oxford/England : Pergamon Press , p. 1387 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Clough , W. S. , Cousins , L. B. and Eggleton , E. J . 1965 . Radio-iodine absorption on particulate matter . Int. J. Air Water Poll . 9 , 769 – 789 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Davis , B. L. , Johnson , L. R. and Moeng , F. J . 1975 . An explanation for the unusual nucleating ability of aerosols produced from the AgI-NH4I-acetone sys-tem . J. Appl. Meteorol . 14 , 891 – 896 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Demassieux , N . 1923 . A study of the equilibrium between the chlorides and iodides of lead and some chlorides and iodides in aqueous alkaline solution. Ann. Chim. 9 , 233 - 296 ( in French ).
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Edwards , G. R. , Evans , L. F. and Zipper , A. F . 1970 . Two-dimensional phase changes in water absorbed on ice-nucleating substrates . Trans. Faraday Soc . 66 , 220 – 234 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Grant , L. O. and Corrin, M. L. 1973 . Raw and iodine-treated automobile exhaust as a source of ice nuclei. J. Wea. Mod . 5 , 238 - 248 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hirschler , D. A. , Gilbert , L. F. , Lamb , F. W. and Niebylski , L. M . 1957 . Particulate compounds in automobile exhaust gas . Ind. Eng. Chem . 49 , 1131 – 1142 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Huffman , P. J . 1973 . Supersaturation spectra of AgI and natural ice nuclei . J. Appl. Meteorol . 12 , 1080 – 1082 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
liyasov, I. I. , Barsegov, D. G. , Berikashuili, I. G. and Danilenko , L. P . 1969 . X-ray diffraction investiga-tion of double salts from halides of univalent and bivalent metals and thallium . Russ. J. Inorg. Chem. 14 , 776 – 778 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Keller , R. A . 1967 . Basic tables in chemistry. New York/USA : McGraw Hill Book Co. , 343 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Langer , G . 1970 . A study of automobile exhaust as a source of ice nuclei . 2nd Nat'l. Conf. Wea. Mod. Santa Barbara , California , 242 – 243 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Linke , W. F . 1965 . Solubilities of inorganic and metal organic compounds, vols . I, II . New York/USA : Amer. Chem. Soc ., 1914 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mason , B.J. 1971 . The physics of clouds , 2nd edition . Oxford/England : Clarendon Press , 671 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Manton , M. J . 1983 . Parameterization of ice nucleation on insoluble particles . Tellus 35B , 275 – 283 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Morgan , G. M . 1967 . Technique for detecting lead particles in air . Nature 213 , 58 – 59 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Morgan , G. M. and Allee , P. A . 1968 . The production of potential ice nuclei by gasoline engines . J. Appl. Meteorol . 7 , 241 – 246 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Moyers , J. L. , Zoller , W. H. and Duce , R. A . 1971 . Gaseous iodine measurements and their relationship to particulate lead in a polluted atmosphere . J. Atmos. Sci . 28 , 95 – 98 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Nilsson , L. and Haight , G. F . 1966 . Bromo-complexes of lead (II) . Acta Chem. Scand . 20 , 486 – 493 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
O'Reagan , B. D. , Roddy , A. F. and Moran , C. M . 1982 . Lead-bearing exhaust aerosol and inadvertent weather modification . J. Hung. Meteorol. Soc . 86 , 131 – 138 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Parungo , F. P. and Rhea , J . 0. 1970 . Lead measure-ment in urban air as it relates to weather modifica-tion . J. Appl. Meteorol . 9 , 468 – 475 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Plooster , M. N. and Fukuta , N . 1975 . A numerical model of precipitation from seeded and unseeded cold orographic clouds . J. Appl. Meteorol. 14 , 859 – 867 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Powder diffraction file, Inorganic index. 1975 . Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards . Penn-sylvania/USA , 19081 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Pruppacher , H. R. and Klett , J. D . 1980 . Microphysics of clouds and precipitation. Dordrecht/Holland : D. Reidel Publ. Comp. , 714 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Reischel , M. T. 1973 . Comments on “The Nucleation Behavior of Iodide and Iodate Systems in the Pres-ence of Soluble Salts”. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan . 51 , 501 - 502 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Reischel , M. T . 1975 . Ice nuclei from reaction involving lead, ammonia and iodine . Atmos. Environ . 9 , 955 – 958 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Reischel , M. T . 1978 . Metallic oxides as freezing nuclei . J. Wea. Mod . 10 , 97 – 106 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Reischel , M. T . 1984 . Freezing nucleation in aqueous solutions of clathrate forming gases . Tellus 36B , 73 – 84 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Reischel , M. T. and Vali , G . 1975 . Freezing nucleation in aqueous electrolytes . Tellus 17 , 414 – 427 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Richards , W. T . 1932 . The persistence and develop-ment of crystal nuclei above the melting temperature . J. Amer. Chem. Soc . 54 , 479 – 495 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Rosinski , J. and Parungo , F . 1966 . Terpene-iodine compounds as .ice nuclei . J. Appl. Meteorol . 5 , 119 – 123 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Schaefer , V. J . 1966 . Ice nuclei from automobile ex-haust and iodine vapor . Science 154 , 1555 – 1557 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Schaefer , V. J . 1968a . Ice nuclei from auto exhaust and organic vapors . J. Appl. Meteorol . 7 , 148 – 149 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Schaefer , V. J . 1968b . New field evidence of inadver-tent modification of the atmosphere . Proc. First Nat'l. Conf on Wea. Mod. Albany , New York , 163 – 172 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Schnell , R. C. and Vali , G . 1972 . Atmospheric ice nuclei from decomposing vegetation . Nature 236 , 163 – 165 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
TerHaar , G. L. and Bayard , M. A . 1971 . Composition of airborne lead particulates . Nature 132 , 553 – 554 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ueno , Y . 1984 . An estimate of gas-solid aerosol inter-face reaction rate by ice nucleation method . Proc. First Intnati. Aerosol Conf Minneapolis , Minnesota , 950 – 952 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Vali , G . 1971 . Quantitative evaluation of experimental results on the heterogeneous freezing nucleation of supercooled liquids . J. Atmos. Sci . 28 , 402 – 409 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Vali , G . 1985 . Nucleation terminology . Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc . 66 , 1426 – 1427 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wada , T. and Matsuo , Y . 1984 . Studies on salt hydrates for latent heat storage. VI. Preheating effect on crystallization of sodium acetate trihydrate from aqueous solution with a small amount of disodium-hydrogenphosphate . Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan . 57 , 561 – 563 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Weast , R. C. , ed. 1967 . Selected values of chemical thermodynamic properties . Handbook of Chemistry and Physics , 65th edition . Boca Raton/Florida : The Chemical Rubber Co. Press , D–72 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Winchester , J. W. and Duce , R. A . 1966 . Coherence of iodine and bromine in the atmosphere of Hawaii, Northern Alaska, and Massachusetts . Tellus 18 , 287 – 291 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article