Spatial and temporal variability of the evaporation duct in the Gulf of Aden

Qi Zhang; Kunde Yang; Yang Shi

doi:10.3402/tellusa.v68.29792

Spatial and temporal variability of the evaporation duct in the Gulf of Aden

Tellus

Volume 68 (2016): Issue 1

By: Qi Zhang, Kunde Yang and Yang Shi

Open Access

|Dec 2016

Abstract

An evaporation duct climatology is constructed for the Gulf of Aden using a 31-year high-resolution data set from the climate reanalysis product National Centers for Environmental Prediction Climate Forecast System Reanalysis. The climatology reveals spatio-temporal heterogeneity in the evaporation duct height (EDH) regulated by the strong interplay between the seasonal monsoon reversals and the related atmospheric and oceanic responses. It also reveals that the Gulf of Aden exhibits a special EDH distribution that is distinct from the adjacent Arabian Sea when the south-west monsoon dominates the gulf. Under these conditions, the EDH of the entire gulf is significantly higher than that of the adjoining Arabian Sea. A cliff-style EDH drop (referred to as the EDH cliff) forms at the mouth of the Gulf of Aden. Furthermore, the influence of the EDH cliff on marine radar was investigated using a ray-optics method. Based on the analysis, it was found that the local EDH significantly affects the radar detection ability beneath the evaporation duct for ships sailing in the Gulf of Aden.

References

Akbarpour R. , Webster A. R . Ray-tracing and parabolic equation methods in the modeling of a tropospheric microwave link. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 2005; 53: 3785–3791.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Al Saafani M. A. , Shenoi S. S. C . Water masses in the Gulf of Aden. J. Oceanogr. 2007; 63: 1–14.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Anderson K. D . Radar detection of low-altitude targets in a maritime environment. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 1995; 43: 609–613.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Babin S. M. , Dockery G. D . LKB-based evaporation duct model comparison with buoy data. J. Appl. Meteorol. 2002; 41: 434–446.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Babin S. M. , Young G. S. , Carton J. A . A new model of the oceanic evaporation duct. J. Appl. Meteorol. 1997; 36: 193–204.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Barclay L . Propagation of Radiowaves. 2012; London: IET. 3rd ed pp. 91–92, 95–96.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Barrios A. E . Considerations in the development of the advanced propagation model (APM) for US Navy applications. Proceedings of the International Radar Conference, 2003. 2003. Adelaide, Australia.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Beljaars A. , Holtslag A . Flux parameterization over land surfaces for atmospheric models. J. Appl. Meteorol. 1991; 30: 327–341.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bower A. S. , Furey H. H . Mesoscale eddies in the Gulf of Aden and their impact on the spreading of Red Sea Outflow Water. Prog. Oceanogr. 2012; 96: 14–39.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Briggs J. N . Target Detection by Marine Radar. 2004; IET, London. 59–60.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Cheng Y. , Brutsaert W . Flux-profile relationships for wind speed and temperature in the stable atmospheric boundary layer. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 2005; 114: 519–538.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Dinc E. , Akan O . Beyond-line-of-sight communications with ducting layer. IEEE Commun. Mag. 2014; 52: 37–43.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Dinc E. , Akan O . Channel model for the surface ducts: Large-scale path-loss, delay spread, and AOA. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 2015; 63: 2728–2738.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
El-Mashjary M. S. , Ali A. M . The effect of environmental conditions on coral reef habitat in Balhaf Bay, Gulf of Aden, Yemen. J. Adv. Res. 2010; 1: 221–225.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Fairall C. , Bradley E. F. , Hare J. , Grachev A. , Edson J . Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes: Updates and verification for the COARE algorithm. J. Clim. 2003; 16: 571–591.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Frederickson P. A . Improving the characterization of the environment for AREPS electromagnetic performance predictions. Weather Impacts Decision Aids (WIDA) Workshop. 2012; NV: Reno.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Frederickson P. , Davidson K. , Goroch A . Operational Bulk Evaporation Duct Model for MORIAH. Version1. 2000. 2, 93943-95114, Naval Postgraduate School.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Grachev A. A. , Andreas E. L. , Fairall C. W. , Guest P. S. , Persson P. O. G . SHEBA flux–profile relationships in the stable atmospheric boundary layer. Boundary-layer Meteorol. 2007; 124: 315–333.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gunashekar S. , Warrington E. M. , Siddle D. R . Longterm statistics related to evaporation duct propagation of 2 GHz radio waves in the English Channel. Radio Sci. 2010; 45: RS6010.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Karimian A. , Yardim C. , Haack T. , Gerstoft P. , Hodgkiss W. S. , co-authors . Toward the assimilation of the atmospheric surface layer using numerical weather prediction and radar clutter observations. J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. 2013; 52: 2345–2355.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Krishnaswami S. , Nair R . JGOFS (India)-Introduction. Curr. Sci. 1996; 71: 831–833.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Levy M. , Craig K . Case studies of transhorizon propagation: Reliability of predictions using radiosonde data. Proceedings of Sixth International Conference on the Antennas and Propagation, 1989. 1989. ICAP 89, (Conf. Publ. No. 301), Coventry, England.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Liu W. T. , Katsaros K. B. , Businger J. A . Bulk parameterization of air-sea exchanges of heat and water vapor including the molecular constraints at the interface. J. Atmos. Sci. 1979; 36: 1722–1735.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
McKeon B. D . Climate Analysis of Evaporation Ducts in the South China Sea. 2013; Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Musson-Genon L. , Gauthier S. , Bruth E . A simple method to determine evaporation duct height in the sea surface boundary layer. Radio Sci. 1992; 27: 635–644.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Nandkeolyar N. , Raman M. , Kiran G. S . Comparative analysis of sea surface temperature pattern in the eastern and western gulfs of Arabian Sea and the Red Sea in recent past using satellite data. Int. J. Oceanogr. 2013; 2013: 1–16.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
NCAR. Climate Data Guide. 2014; Boulder, USA: NCAR.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Newton D. A . COAMPS Modeled Surface Layer Refractivity in the Roughness and Evaporation Duct Experiment 2001. 2003; Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Pasricha P. K. , Prasad M. , Sarkar S. K . Comparison of evaporation duct models to compute duct height over Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. Indian J. Radio Space Physics. 2002; 31: 155–158.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Paulus R . Practical application of an evaporation duct model. Radio Sci. 1985; 20: 887–896.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Pons J. , Reising S. C. , Padmanabhan S. , Camps A. , Duffo N . Passive polarimetric remote sensing of the ocean surface during the Rough Evaporation Duct experiment (RED 2001). Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2003. IGARSS'03. 2003. Toulouse, France.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Saha S. , Moorthi S. , Pan H.-L. , Wu X. , Wang J. , co-authors . The NCEP climate forecast system reanalysis. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 2010; 91: 1015–1057.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Shi Y. , Yang K. D. , Yang Y. X. , Ma Y. L . A new evaporation duct climatology in the South China Sea. J. Meteorol. Res. 2015; 29: 764–778.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wash C. , Davidson K . Remote measurements and coastal atmospheric refraction. Proceedings of the Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 1994. 1994. IGARSS'94. Surface and Atmospheric Remote Sensing: Technologies, Data Analysis and Interpretation, International, 1994. Pasadena, USA.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Weller R. , Fischer A. , Rudnick D. , Eriksen C. , Dickey T. , co-authors . Moored observations of upper-ocean response to the monsoons in the Arabian Sea during 1994–1995. Deep Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 2002; 49: 2195–2230.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wiggert J. , Hood R. , Banse K. , Kindle J . Monsoon-driven biogeochemical processes in the Arabian Sea. Prog. Oceanogr. 2005; 65: 176–213.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Woods G. S. , Ruxton A. , Huddlestone-Holmes C. , Gigan G . High-capacity, long-range, over ocean microwave link using the evaporation duct. IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. 2009; 34: 323–330.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Yao F. , Hoteit I . Thermocline regulated seasonal evolution of surface chlorophyll in the Gulf of Aden. PLoS One. 2015; 10: e0119951.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Zhao X. F. , Huang S. X. , Sheng Z . Ray tracing/correlation approach to estimation of surface-based duct parameters from radar clutter. Chin. Phys. B. 2010; 19: 049201.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article

Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v68.29792 | Journal eISSN: 3035-9554

Journal RSS Feed

Language: English

Page range: 29792 - 29792

Submitted on: Sep 17, 2015

Accepted on: Mar 20, 2016

Published on: Dec 1, 2016

Published by: Stockholm University Press

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

marine atmospheric boundary layer,

climatology,

somali low-level jet,

evaporation duct height cliff,

marine radar

© 2016 Qi Zhang, Kunde Yang, Yang Shi, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 68 (2016): Issue 1