Fig. 1.
Mean biases in the model simulation. (a) SST ( C), (b) SSS (g kg−1), (c) precipitation (mm d−1) and (d) BLT (m).
Fig. 2.
Regions and the magnitudes of the forcing applied in model experiments.
Table 1. Description of various model simulations performed
Fig. 3.
Mean changes in EXP1 (a) SST ( C), (b) SSS (g kg−1), (c) MLD (m) and (d) BLT (m) (closed contours show those regions where the changes satisfy the Student's t-test for statistical significance at 95% confidence level).
Fig. 4.
The mean changes along 57 W and between 10 N and 25 N for (a) SSS (g kg−1), (b) d(▵SSS)/dy (g kg−1 m−1) and changes in (c) MLD (m).
Fig. 5.
Illustration of the mean salinity changes (g kg−1) induced in EXP2. The change in surface salinity is shown in (a), the subsurface salinity change along 60 W in (b) and along 20 N in (c).
Fig. 6.
The results from EXP2 are shown. The mean change in SST ( C) is shown in (a), the mean precipitation change (mm d−1) in (b), the MLD change (m) in (c) and the mean BLT change (m) in (d) (closed contours show those regions where the changes satisfy the Student's t-test for statistical significance at 95% confidence level).
Fig. 7.
Idem as for Fig. 7, but now for EXP3.
Fig. 8.
The mean changes in circulation of surface winds in EXP3. The units are in N m−2.
Fig. 9.
Mean changes in vertical velocity along the equator and between 40 W and 20 W. Velocity is positive downwards and each unit is 10−6 m s−1.
Fig. 10.
Winter vertical subsurface temperature and salinity differences below the mixed layer plotted against each other for the three experiments. Values have been averaged over the region between 65 W and 50 W and between 18 N and 20 N.
Fig. 11.
The subsurface temperature during the winter of year 4 in the CR is shown in (a). (b) and (c) show the subsurface salinity anomaly and the subsurface temperature, respectively, during the winter of year 4 in EXP3. Values have been averaged over the region between 65 W and 50 W and between 18 N and 20 N.
Fig. 12.
Time evolution of the MLH budget terms (W m−2) with error bars indicated. The evolution of MLH in (a), SHF in (b), AHF in (c) and THF in (d) for the various cases as depicted in the legend. All time series are at a running mean of 5 months. The first and last years have been removed due to box-car smoothing. All values have been averaged over the region between 65 W and 50 W and between 18 N and 20 N.
Fig. 13.
The seasonal cycle of BLT (m) for the region averaged over (a) 65 W–50 W, 10 N–20 N and (b) 50 W–30 W, 25 N–30 N. (c) The seasonal cycle of SSS (g kg−1) averaged over the region 50 W–30 W, 25 N–30 N. (d) The mean subsurface salinity averaged over the region 65 W–50 W, 10 N–20 N.
