A numerical, high-resolution study of the life cycle of the severe storm over Denmark on 3 December 1999
References
-
Bjerknes
, J.. On the structure of moving cyclones. Ge-ofys. Publ. 1, 1– 8. -
Bjerknes
, J.and Solberg, H.. Life cycle of cyclones and the polar front theory of atmospheric circulation. Geofys. Publ. 3, 1– 18. -
Bluestein
, H. B.. Synoptic-dynamic meteorology in midlatitudes, Vol. 2. Observations and theory of weather systems. Oxford University Press, Oxford. -
Bretherton
, F. P.. Critical layer instability in baroclinic flows. Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 92, 325– 334. -
Browning
, K. A.. Organization of clouds and precipitation in extratropical cyclones. In Extratropical cyclones: the Eric Palmén memorial volume. (eds. C. W.and E. O.) Am. Meteor. Soc., Washington, D.C.- 153. -
Browning
, K.A., Ballard, S.and Davitt, C.. High-resolution analysis of frontal structure. Mon. Wea. Rev. 125, 1212– 1230. -
Cuxart
, J., Bougeault, P.and Redelsperger, J.-L.. A turbulence scheme allowing for meso-scale and large-eddy simulations. Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 126, 1– 30. -
Danielsen
, E. F.. Project springfield report. In Defence Atomic Support Agency, DASA, 97 pp. -
Davies
, H., Schwr, C.and Wernli, H.. The palette of fronts and cyclones within a baroclinic wave-development. J. Atmos. Sci. 48, 1666– 1689. -
Dixon
, R. S., Browning, K. A., and Shuns, G. J.. The relation of moist symmetric instability and upper-level potential-vorticity anomalies to the observed evolution of cloud heads. Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 128, 839– 860. -
Eliassen
, A.. On the vertical circulation in frontal zones., Geofys. Publ., 147– 169. -
Godske
, C. L., Bergeron, T., Bjerknes, J.and Bundgaard, R.. Dynamic meteorology and weather forecasting . Am. Meteorol. Soc. and Carnegie Institute, Washington, D.C. -
Grøn°as
, S.. The seclusion intensification of the new year’s day storm 1992. Tellus, 733– 746. -
Hoskins
, B. J.. Theory of extratropical cyclones. In Extratropical cyclones: the Eric Palmén memorial volume. (eds. C. W.and E. O.) Am. Meteorol. Soc., Washington, D.C.- 80. -
Hoskins
, B. J.and West, N. V.. Baroclinic waves and frontogenesis. part ii: Uniform potential voracity jet flows-cold and warm fronts. J. Atmos. Sci. 36, 1663– 1680. -
Hoskins
, B. J., McIntyre, M. E.and Robertson, A. W.. On the use and significance of isentropic potential voracity maps. Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 111, 877– 946. -
Kuo
, H. L.. Further studies of the parameterization of the influence of cumulus convection on large-scale flow. J. Atmos. Sci. 3, 1232– 1240. -
Methven
, J.. Tracer behaviour in baroclinic waves . Ph.D. Thesis, Reading University, U.K. -
Nielsen
, N. W.. The 915-hPa cyclone of 10 January 1993. In The life cycles of extratropical cyclones, Vol. 2. (eds. S.and M. A.) Am. Meteorol. Soc., Washington, D.C. 301- 306. -
Petterssen
, S.and Smebye, S. J.. On the development of extratropical cyclones. Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 97, 457– 482. -
Reed
, R. J.. A study of a characteristic type of upper level frontogenesis. J. Meteorol. 12, 226– 237. -
Sanders
, F.and Gyakum, J. R.. Synoptic-dynamic climatology of the ‘bomb’. Mon. Wea. Rev. 108, 1589– 1606. -
Sass
, B. H., Nielsen, N. W., Jorgensen, J. U., Amstrup, B.and Kmit, M.. The operational HIRLAM system at DMI. DMI Tech. Rep. No. 00-26, Danish Meteorological Institute , Copenhagen, Denmark. -
Savijärvi
, H.. Fast radiation parameterization schemes for mesoscale and short-range forecast models. J. AppL Meteorol. 29, 437– 447. -
Shapiro
, M. A.. Mesoscale weather systems of the central united states . In CIRES University of Colo./NOAA, Boulder, Colorado. -
Shapiro
, M. A.and Keyser, D.. Fronts, jet streams and the tropopause. In Extratropical cyclones: the Eric Palmén memorial volume. (eds. C. W.and E. O.) Am. Meteorol. Soc., Washington, D.C.- 191. -
Shapiro
, M., Wernli, H., Bao, J.-W., Methven, J., Zou, X., Doyle, J., Holt, T., Grell, E.and Neiman, P.. A planetary-scale to mesoscale perspective of the life cycles of extratropical cyclones: The bridge between theory and observations. In The life cycles of eactratropical cyclonesis.(eds. S.and M. A.) Am. Meteorol. Soc., Washington, D.C.- 185. -
Simmons
, A.and Hoskins, B.J.. Barotropic influences on the growth and decay of nonlinear baroclinic waves. J. Atmos. Sci. 37, 1679– 1684. -
Sundqvist
, H.. Inclusion of ice phase of hydrometeors in cloud parameterization for mesoscale and largescale models. Beitr Phys. Atmosph./Contrib. Atmos. Phys. 66, 137– 147. -
Thorncroft
, C., Hoskins, B. J.and McIntyre, M. E.. Two paradigms of baroclinic-wave life cycle behavior. Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 119, 17– 55. -
Thorpe
, A. J.. Dynamics of mesoscale sub-structure of fronts. In The life cycles of extratropical cyclones, Vol. 1. (eds. S.and MA.) Am. Meteorol. Soc., Washington D.C.- 228. -
Ucellini
, L. W.and Kocin, P. J.. The interaction of jet-streak circulations during heavy snow events along the East Coast of the United States. Wea. Forecasting, 289– 308. -
Ulbrich
, U., Fink, A. H., Klawa, M.and Pinto, J. G.. Three extreme storms over Europe in December 1999., Weather, 70– 80. -
Wernli
, Durren, Liningerand Zelly, M.. Dynamical aspects of the life cycle of the winter storm ‘Lothar’ (24-26 December 1999). Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 128, 405– 430. -
Wernli
, J. H.. Lagrangian perspective of extratropical cyclogenesis. Dissertation no. 11016, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) , Zurich, Switzerland.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v55i4.12100 | Journal eISSN: 3035-9554
Language: English
Page range: 338 - 351
Submitted on: Feb 4, 2002
Accepted on: Feb 11, 2003
Published on: Jan 1, 2003
Published by: Stockholm University Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
© 2003 Niels Woetmann Nielsen, Benthansen Sass, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.