The thermal structure of an air–water interface at low wind speeds
By: R. A. Handler, G. B. Smith and R. I. Leighton
References
-
Brutsaert
, W. 1975. A theory for local evaporation (or heat transfer) from rough and smooth surfaces at ground level. Water Resour. Res. 11, 543– 550. -
Carlson
, A. B. 1968. Communication systems, McGraw-Hill. -
Cheung
, T. K.and Street, R. L. 1988. The turbulent layer in the water at an air-water interface. J. Fluid Mech. 194, 133– 151. -
Corrsin
, S. 1957. Symp. on Naval hydrodyn. Publ. 515, Office of Naval Research, Washington D.C.,- 400. -
Emery
, W. J.and Yu, Y. 1997. Satellite sea surface tem-perature patterns. Int. J. Remote Sensing, 323– 334. -
Fairall
, C. W., Bradley, E. F., Edson, J. B.and Young, G. S. 1996. Bulk parametrization of air-sea fluxes for tropical global atmosphere coupled-ocean atmosphere response experiment. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 3747– 3764. -
Grassl
, H. 1976. The dependence of the measured cool skin of the ocean on wind stress and total heat flux. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 465– 475. -
Handler
, R. A., Hendricks, E. W.and Leighton. 1989. Low Reynolds number calculation of turbulent channel flow: a general discussion. Naval Res. Lab. Mem. Rep. 6410. -
Handler
, R. A., Swean, T. F.and Leighton, R. I. 1993. Length scales and the energy balance for turbulence near a free surface., 1998- 2007., R. A., Saylor, J. R., Leighton, R. I.and Rovel-stad, A. L.. Physics of Fluids, 2607– 2625. -
Hasse
, L. 1971. The sea surface temperature deviation and the heat flow at the sea-air interface. Boundary Layer Meteor. 1, 368– 379. -
Jessup
, A. T., Zappa, C. J., Loewen, M. R.and Hesany, V. 1997. Infrared remote sensing of breaking waves. Nature, 52– 55. -
Kim
, J., Moin, P.and Moser, R. 1987. Turbulence statis-tics in fully developed channel flow at low Reynolds number. J. Fluid Mech. 177, 133– 166. -
Kim
, J. 1988. Investigation of heat and momentum trans-port in turbulent flows via numerical simulations.(eds. M.and N.). Hemisphere, 715- 729. -
Kline
, S. J., Reynolds, W. C., Schraub, J. A.and Runstadler, P. W. 1967. The structure of turbulent boundary layers. J. Fluid Mech. 30, 741– 773. -
Lam
, K.and Banerjee, S. 1992. On the condition of streak formation in a bounded turbulent flow. Phys. Fluids A, 306– 320. -
Lee
, M. J., Kim, J.and Moin, P. 1990. Structure of turbulence at high shear rate. J. Fluid Mech. 216, 561– 583. -
Nakagawa
, H.and Nezu, I. 1981. Structure of space-time correlations of bursting phenomena in an open channel flow. J. Fluid Mech. 104, 1– 43. -
Rashidi
, M.and Banerjee, S. 1990. The effect of boundary conditions and shear rate on streak formation and breakdown in turbulent channel flows. Phys. Fluids A, 1827– 1838. -
Robinson
, S. K. 1991. Coherent motions in the turbulent boundary layer. Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech. 23, 601– 639. -
Saunders
, P. M. 1967. The temperature at the ocean-air interface.. 24, 269– 273. -
Schltissel
, P., Emery, W. J., Grassl, H.and Mammen, T. 1990. On the bulk-skin temperature difference and its impact on satellite remote sensing of the sea surface temperature. J. Geophys. Res. 95, 13, 341-13, 356. -
Smith
, C. R.and Metzler, S. P. 1983. The characteristics of low-speed streaks in the near-wall region of the turbulent boundary layer. J. Fluid Mech. 129, 27– 54. -
Soloviev
, A. V.and Schltissel, P. 1994. Parameterization of the skin of the ocean and of the air-ocean gas transfer on the basis of modeling surface renewal. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 24, 1339– 1346. -
Turner
, J. S. 1973. Buoyancy effects in fluids . Cambridge University Press. -
Volino
, R. J.and Smith, G. B. 1999. Use of simultaneous IR temperature measurements and DPIV to investi-gate thermal plumes in a thick layer cooled from above. Experiments in Fluids, 70– 78. -
Walker
, D. T., Leighton, R. I.and Garza-Rios, L O.. Shear-free turbulence near a flat free surface. J. Fluid Mech. 320, 19– 51. -
Wick
, G. A., Emery, W. J.and Schltissel, P. 1992. A comprehensive comparison between satellite measured skin and multichannel sea surface temperature. J. Geophys. Res. 97, 5569– 5595. -
Wick
, G. A., Emery, W. J., Kantha, L. H.and Schltis-sel, P. 1996. The behavior of the bulk-skin temperature difference under varying wind speed and heat flux. J. Phys. Oceanography, 1969– 1988. -
Wu
, J. 1985. On the cool skin of the ocean. Boundary Layer Meteor. 31, 203– 207.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v53i2.12187 | Journal eISSN: 3035-9554
Language: English
Page range: 233 - 244
Submitted on: Dec 13, 1999
Accepted on: Aug 1, 2000
Published on: Jan 1, 2001
Published by: Stockholm University Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
© 2001 R. A. Handler, G. B. Smith, R. I. Leighton, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.