Synoptic climatology of Northern Hemisphere available potential energy collapses
By: Werner Wintels and John R. Gyakum
References
-
Bluestein
, H. B. 1992. Synoptic-dynamic meteorology in midlatitudes. Volume I: Principles of kinematics and dynamics. Oxford University Press, -
Bosart
, L. F., Hakim, G. J., Tyle, K. R., Bedrick, M. A., Bracken, W. E., Dickinson, M. J.and Schultz, D. M. 1996. Large-scale antecedent conditions associated with the 12-14 March 1993 Cyclone (“Superstorm ’93”) over Eastern North America.. 124, 1865– 1891. -
Dutton
, J. A.and Johnson, D. R. 1967. The theory of available potential energy and a variariational approach to atmospheric energetics.. 12( Academic Press), pp.- 436. -
Freund
, J. E. 1971. Mathematical statistics. Prentice-Hall, -
Huo
, Z.-H., Zhang, D. H., Gyakum, J. R.and Stani-forth, A. 1995. A diagnostic study analysis of the Superstorm of March 1993.. 123, 1740– 1761. -
Kalnay
, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R, Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Zhu, Y., Cheliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Hig-gins, W., Janowiak, J., Mo, K. C., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Leetma, A., Reynolds, R., Jenne, R.and Joseph, D.. The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 77, 437– 471. -
Lin
, S. C.and Smith, P. J. 1982. The available potential energy budget of a severe storm-producing extratropi-cal cyclone.. 110, 521– 533. -
Lorenz
, E. N. 1955. Available potential energy and the maintenance of the general circulation. Tellus, 157– 167. -
Margules
, M. 1903. Ober die energie der sturme . Jahrb. Zentralanst. Meteor., 1-26 (Translation by C. Abbe (1910) in Smithsonian Institute Miscellaneous Collec-tion, 553– 595). -
Orlanski
, I.and Sheldon, J. P. 1995. Stages in the energetics of baroclinic systems. Tellus, 605– 628. -
Peixoto
, J. P.and Oort, A. H. 1992. Physics of climate. American Institute of Physics, -
Schultz
, D. M., Bracken, W. E., Bosart, L. F., Hakim, G. J., Bedrick, M. A., Dickinson, M. J.and Tyle, K. R. 1997. The 1993 Superstorm cold surge: frontal struc-ture, gap flow, and tropical impact . Mon. Wea. Rev., 5-39; Corrigendum 125, 662. -
Sheng
, J.and Derome. 1991. An observational study of the energy transfer between the seasonal mean flow and transient eddies. Tellus, 128– 144. -
Siegmund
, P. 1994. The generation of available potential energy, according to Lorenz’s exact and approximate equations. Tellus, 566– 582. -
Siegmund
, P. 1995. The generation of available potential energy: a comparison of results from a general circula-tion model. Climate Dynamics, 129– 140. -
Smith
, P. J. 1969. On the contribution of a limited region to the global energy budget. Tellus, 202– 207. -
Tan
, Y.-C.and Curry, J. A. 1993. A diagnostic study of the evolution of an intense North American anti-cyclone during winter 1989.. 121, 961– 975. -
Tanaka
, H. L.and Milkovich, M. F. 1990. A heat budget analysis of the polar troposphere in and around Alaska during the abnormal winter of 1988/89.. 118, 1628– 1639. -
Trenberth
, K. E.and Olson, J. G. 1988. An evaluation of global analyses from the National Meteorological Center and European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasts. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 69, 1047– 1057. -
Tolstov
, G. P. 1962. Fourier series . Dover Publications, 336 pp. -
Tyle
, K. R. 1995. Intense surface anticyclogenesis: clima-tology and composite/individual case studies . M.Sc. Thesis, State University of New York, Albany.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v52i4.12273 | Journal eISSN: 3035-9554
Language: English
Page range: 347 - 364
Submitted on: May 25, 1999
Accepted on: Dec 21, 1999
Published on: Jan 1, 2000
Published by: Stockholm University Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
© 2000 Werner Wintels, John R. Gyakum, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.