Sea-ice roughness and drag coefficients in a dynamic–thermodynamic sea-ice model for the Arctic
By: Nadja Steiner, Markus Harder and Peter Lemke
References
-
Andreas
, E. L. 1995. Air-ice drag coefficients in the western Weddell Sea 2. A model based on form drag and drifting snow. J. Geophys. Res. 100( C3), 4833– 4843. -
Arya
, S. P. S. 1975. A drag partition theory for determining the large-scale roughness parameter and wind stress on the Arctic pack ice. J. Geophys. Res. 80, 3347– 3454. -
Banke
, E. G., Smith, S. D.and Anderson, R. 1980. Drag coefficients at AIDJEX from sonic anemometer measurements. In: Sea ice processes and models(ed. Prichard, R. S.). Univ. of Washington Press, Seattle, 430- 442. -
Bourke
, R. H.and McLaren, A. S. 1992. Contour map-ping of Arctic basin ice draft and roughness para-meters. J. Geophys. Res. 97(C11), 17, 715-17, 728. -
Carlström
, A.and Ulander, L. M. H. 1995. Validation of backscatter models for level and deformed sea ice in ERS-1 SAR images. Int. J. Rem. Sens. 16, 3245– 3266. -
Colony
, R. L.and Rigor, I. 1995. Arctic ocean buoy data program report. Appl. Phys. Lab. Techn. Mem. APL-UW TM– 91. -
Davis
, N. R.and Wadhams, P. 1995. A statistical analysis of Arctic pressure ridge morphology. J. Geophys. Res. 100(C6), 10, 915-10, 925. -
Dierking
, W. 1995. Laser profiling of the ice surface topography during the Winter Weddell Gyre Study 1992. J. Geophys. Res. 95( C3), 4807– 4820. -
Dierking
, W., Carlström, A.and Ulander, L. M. H. 1997. The effect of inhomogeneous roughness on radar back-scattering from slightly deformed sea ice. Tkans. Geosci. Rem. Sens. 35, 147– 159. -
Eicken
, H., Lensu, M., Leppäranta, M., Tucker, Gow, A. J.and Salmela, O.. Thickness, structure, and properties of level summer multiyear ice in the Eurasian sector of the Arctic Ocean.. 100(C11), 22, 697- 22, 710. -
Flato
, G. M.and Hibler, W. D. 1991. An initial numerical investigation of the extent of sea-ice ridging. Ann. Gla-ciol. 15, 31– 36. -
Haas
, C., Gerland, S., Eicken, H.and Miller, H. 1997. Comparison of sea-ice thickness measurements under summer and winter conditions in the Arctic using a small electromagnetic induction device. Geophysics, 749– 757. -
Haas
, C.and Lensu, M. 1997. Sea ice physical properties. In: The expedition Arctic, ’96 of RV Polarstern(ed. Augstein, E.). Alfred-Wegener-Institut (AWI), Bremerhaven.. 234, 27– 33. -
Haas
, C., Liu, Q., Martin, T.and Miller, H., grant 03PL018B. -
Haas
, C., Thomas, D., Steffens, M.and Bareiss, J. 1998b. Physical and biological investigations of sea ice. In: The expedition AN TARKTIS-XIV of RV Polarstern in. 267, 18- 30. -
Harder
, M.. Dynamics, roughness, and age of Arctic sea ice - numerical investigations with a large-scale model.. 203. Alfred-Wegener-Institut (AWI), Bremerhaven. -
Harder
, M. 1997. Roughness, age and drift trajectories of sea ice in large-scale simulations and their use in model verifications. Ann. Glaciol. 25, 237– 240. -
Harder
, M.and Lemke, P. 1994. Modelling the extent of sea-ice ridging in the Weddell Sea.In: The polar oceans and their role in shaping the global environment(eds. Johannessen, O. M., Muench, R. D.and Over-land, J. E.). AGU. Geophys. Mon., 187- 197. -
Harder
, M., Lemke, P.and Hilmer, M.. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 103( C3), 5595– 5606. -
Hibler
, W. D. 1979. A dynamic-thermodynamic sea-ice model. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 9, 815– 845. -
Hibler
, W. D.and Zhang, J. 1994. On the effect of ocean circulation on Arctic ice-margin variations. In: The polar oceans and their role in shaping the global environ-ment(eds. Johannessen, O. M., Muench, R. D.and Overland, J. E.). AGU. Geophys. Mon., 383- 397., M., Harder, M.and Lemke, P.. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25( 17), 3359– 3362. -
Hopkins
, M. A. 1994. On the ridging of intact lead ice. J. Geophys. Res. 99(C8), 16, 351-16, 360. -
Hopkins
, M. A.and Hibler, W. D. 1991. On the ridging of a thin sheet of lead ice., 81- 86., M. A., Hibler, W. D.and Flato, G. M.. J. Geophys. Res. 96( C3), 4809– 4820. -
Kovacs
, A. 1971. On pressured sea ice. In: Sea ice(ed. Karlsson, T.). Reykjavik, Iceland, International Sea Ice Conference, 276- 295. -
Kreyscher
, M. 1998. Dynamics of Arctic sea ice - valida-tion of different rheology schemes for the use in climate models.. 291. Alfred-Wegener-Institut (Awl), Bremerhaven. -
Kreyscher
, M., Harder, M.and Lemke, P. 1997. First results of the Sea Ice Model Intercomparison Project (SIMIP). Ann. Glaciol. 25, 8– 11. -
Lemke
, P., Hibler, W. D., Flato, G., Harder, M.and Kreyscher, M. 1997. On the improvements of sea ice models for climate simulations: the Sea Ice Model Intercomparison Project., 183- 187., M.. Tellus, 583– 596. -
Liu
, Q., Haas, C., Martin, T.and Augstein, E. 1998. Study of sea-ice pressure ridge distributions from in situ Laser Profiler . In: Proceedings of the European Conference on Synthetic aperture radar. Friedrich-shaven, Germany. -
McLaren
, A. S., Wadhams, P.and Weintraub, R. 1984. The sea-ice topography of M’Clure Strait in winter and summer of 1960 from submarine profiles. Arctic, 110– 120. -
Melling
, H.and Riedel, D. A. 1995. The underside topo-graphy of sea ice over the continental shelf of the Beaufort Sea in the winter of 1990. J. Geophys. Res. 100(C7), 13, 641-13, 653. -
NSIDC
. 1998. National Snow and Ice Data Center . Submarine upward looking sonar ice draft profile data and statistics. Digital data available from nsidc@kryos.colorado.edu. NSIDC, University of Col-orado at Boulder. -
Omstedt
, A. 1998. Freezing estuaries and semi-enclosed basins. In: Physics of ice covered seas, vol. 2(ed. Leppd-ranta, M.). Department of Geophysics. University of Helsinki. PO Box 4. FIN-00014 Finland, 483- 516. -
Omstedt
, A.and Svensson, U. 1992. On the melt rate of drifting ice heated from below. Cold Reg. Sci. Techn. 21, 91– 100. -
Overland
, J. E.and Colony, R. L. 1994. Geostrophic drag coefficients for the central Arctic derived from Soviet drifting station data. Tellus, 75– 85. -
Overland
, J. E.and Davidson, K. L. 1992. Geostrophic drag coefficients over sea ice. Tellus 44A, 54-66. Parkinson, C. L. and Washington, W. M. 1979. A large-scale numerical model of sea ice. J. Geophys. Res. 84( C1), 6787– 6803. -
Parmerter
, R. R.and Coon, M. D. 1972. Model of pres-sure ridge formation in sea ice. J. Geophys. Res. 77( 33), 6565– 6575. -
Raupach
, M. R., Gilette, D. A.and Leys, J. F. 1993. The effect of roughness elements on wind erosion thresh-old. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 3023– 3029. -
Romanov
, I. P. 1995. Atlas of ice and snow of the Arctic Basin and Siberian Shelf Seas (ed . Tunic, A). Backbone Publishing Company. -
Rothrock
, D. A. 1975. The energetics of plastic deforma-tion of pack ice by ridging. J. Geophys. Res. 80( 33), 4514– 4519. -
Rothrock
, D. A.and Thorndike, A. S. 1980. Geometric properties of the underside of sea ice. J. Geophys. Res. 85(C7), 12, 601-12, 605. -
Squire
, V. A. 1998. The marginal ice zone. In: Physics of ice covered seas, vol. 1(ed. Leppäranta, M.). Depart-ment of Geophysics. University of Helsinki. PO Box 4. FIN-00014 Finland, 483- 516. -
Steele
, M., Morison, J. H.and Untersteiner, N. 1989. The partition of air-ice-ocean momentum exchange as a function of ice concentration, floe size and draft. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 12, 739-12, 750. -
Steiner
, N. 1999. Sea ice roughness as a means to validate and optimize a large-scale sea ice model for the Arctic. PhD thesis, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Institute of Marine Research, 24105 Kiel, Germany., N., Harder, M.and Lemke, P.(eds. Wettlaufer, J. S., Dash, J. G.and Untersteiner, N.). Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, vol. I, 341- 346. -
Steiner
, N., Harder, M., Lemke, P.and Schuster, S. 1998b. Modelling sea-ice deformation in the Weddell Sea and in the Arctic. In: Scientific Report to the Project: Remote sensing of sea-ice properties and pro-cesses FEME. German Federal Ministry of Education, Research and Technology, Grant 03PL018A. Thorndike, A. S.. Estimates of sea-ice thickness distribution using observations and theory.. 97(C8), 12, 601- 12, 605. -
Thorndike
, A. S.and Colony, R. L. 1982. Sea ice motion in response to geostrophic winds. J. Geophys. Res. 89, 5845– 5852. -
Timco
, G. W.and Burden, R. P. 1997. An analysis of the shapes of sea ice ridges. Cold Reg. Sci. Tech. 25, 65– 77. -
Tucker
, W. B. 1989. An overview of the physical proper-ties of sea ice. In: Proceedings of Workshop on Ice properties. Tech. Memo. 144 (NRCC 30358), 71-85. Assoc. Comm. on Geotech. Res., Natl. Res. Counc. Can. -
Wadhams
, P. 1980. A comparison of sonar and laser profiles along corresponding tracks in the Arctic Ocean. In: Sea ice processes and models(ed. Pritchard, R. S.). Univ. of Washington Press, Seattle, 283- 299. -
Wadhams
, P. 1992. Sea-ice thickness distribution in the Greenland Sea and Eurasian Basin, May 1987. J. Geo-phys. Res. 97( C4), 5331– 5348. -
Wadhams
, P. 1994. Sea-ice thickness changes and their relation to climate.In: The polar oceans and their role in shaping the global environment(eds. Johannessen, O. M., Muench, R. D.and Overland, J. E.). AGU. Geophys. Mon. 85, 337– 361. -
Wadhams
, P. 1998. Sea ice morphology. In: Physics of ice covered seas, vol. 1(ed. Lepparanta, M.). Department of Geophysics. University of Helsinki. PO Box 4. FIN-00014 Finland, 483- 516. -
Wadhams
, P.and Horne, J. 1980. An analysis of ice profiles obtained by submarine sonar in the Beaufort Sea. Journal of Glaciology, 401– 424. -
Weeks
, W. F., Kovacs, A.and Hibler, W. D. 1971. Pressure ridge characteristics in the Arctic coastal environment. In: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Port and ocean engineering under arctic conditions (eds. Wetteland, S. S. and Bruun, P.) Tech-nical University of Norway, Trondheim, vol. 1, 152– 183. -
Wittmann
, W. I.and Schule, J. J. 1966. Comments on the mass budget of Arctic pack ice. In: Proceedings of the symposium on the arctic heat budget and atmospheric circulation(ed. Fletcher, J. O.). Rand Corp., Santa Monica, California, vol. RM-5237-NSF, 215- 246.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v51i5.14505 | Journal eISSN: 3035-9554
Language: English
Page range: 964 - 978
Submitted on: Sep 14, 1998
Accepted on: Jun 11, 1999
Published on: Jan 1, 1999
Published by: Stockholm University Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
© 1999 Nadja Steiner, Markus Harder, Peter Lemke, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.