Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Two-dimensional turbulence properties of the ECMWF reanalyses Cover

Two-dimensional turbulence properties of the ECMWF reanalyses

Open Access
|Jan 1999

References

  1. Andrews , D. G. and Hoskins , B. J . 1978 . Energy spectra predicted by semi-geostrophic theories of frontogenesis. J. Atmos. Sc i . 35 , 509 512 .
  2. Baer , F . 1972 . An alternate scale representation of atmospheric energy spectra. J. Atmos. Sc i . 29 , 649 664 .
  3. Bartello , P . 1995 . Geostrophic adjustments and inverse cascades in rotating stratified turbulence. J. Atmos. Sc i . 52 , 4410 4428 .
  4. Basdevant , C. , Legras , B. and Sadourny , R . 1981 . A study of barotropic model flows: intermittency, waves and predictability. J. Atmos. Sc i . 38 , 2305 2326 .
  5. Batchelor , G. K . 1953 . The theory of homogeneous turbulence . Cambridge University Press, 197 pp.
  6. Blackmon , M. L. and White , G. H . 1982 . Zonal wave-number characteristics of Northern Hemisphere transient eddies. J. Atmos. Sc i . 39 , 1985 1998 .
  7. Boer , G. J . 1994 . Mean and transient spectral energy and enstrophy budgets. J. Atmos. Sc i . 51 , 1765 1779 .
  8. Boer , G. J. and Shepherd , T. G . 1983 . Large-scale two-dimensional turbulence in the atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sc i . 40 , 164 184 .
  9. Charney , J. G . 1971 . Geostrophic turbulence. J. Atmos. Sc i . 28 , 1087 1095 .
  10. Chen , T.-C. and Wiin-Nielsen , A . 1978 . Nonlinear cascades of atmospheric energy and enstrophy . Tellus 28 , 313 322 .
  11. Fjørtoft , R . 1953 . On the changes in the spectral distribution of kinetic energy in two-dimensional, nondivergent flow . Tellus 5 , 225 230 .
  12. Gage , K. S. and Nastrom , G. D . 1986 . Theoretical interpretation of atmospheric wavenumber spectra of wind and temperature observed by commercial aircraft during GASP. J. Atmos. Sc i . 43 , 729 740 .
  13. Gibson , J. K. , Källberg , P. , Uppala , S. , Hernandez , A. , Nomura , A. and Serrano , E . 1997 . ECMWF reanalysis project report series, vol. I. ERA Description . European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts , Reading , UK . 72 pp .
  14. Gifford , F. A . 1988 . A similarity theory of the tropospheric turbulence energy spectrum. J. Atmos. Sc i . 45 , 1370 1379 .
  15. Haidvogel , D. B. and Held , I. M . 1980 . Homogeneous quasi-geostrophic turbulence driven by a uniform temperature gradient. J. Atmos. Sc i . 37 , 2644 2660 .
  16. Högstrom , U. , Smedman , A.-S. and Bergstrom , H . 1999 . A case study of two-dimensional turbulence . Atmos. Sc i . 56 , 959 976 .
  17. Holloway , G . 1983 . Effects of planetary wave propagation and finite depth on the predictability of atmospheres. J. Atmos. Sc i . 40 , 314 327 .
  18. Horn , L. H. , and Bryson , R. A . 1963 . An analysis of the geostrophic kinetic energy spectrum of large-scale atmospheric turbulence . J. Geophys. Res . 68 , 1059 1064 .
  19. Hoskins , B. J . 1983 . Modelling of the transient eddies and their feedback on the mean flow. In: Large-scale dynamical processes in the atmosphere (eds. Hoskins , B. J. and Pearce , R. P. ). Academic Press , pp. 169 - 199 .
  20. Hoskins , B. J. , James , I. N. and White , G. H . 1983 . The shape, propagation and mean-flow interaction of large-scale weather systems. J. Atmos. Sc i . 40 , 1595 1612 .
  21. Hoyer , J.-M. and Sadourny , R . 1982 . Closure modeling of fully developed baroclinic instability. J. Atmos. Sc i . 39 , 707 721 .
  22. Hua , B. L. , and Haidvogel , D. B . 1986 . Numerical simulations of the vertical structure of quasi-geostrophic turbulence. J. Atmos. Sc i . 43 , 2923 2936 .
  23. Julian , P. R. , Washington , W. M. , Hembree , L. and Ridley , C . 1970 . On the spectral distribution of large-scale atmospheric kinetic energy. J. Atmos. Sc i . 27 , 376 387 .
  24. Kao , S.-K. and Wendell , L. I . 1970 . The kinetic energy of the large-scale atmospheric motion in wavenumber-frequency space. J. Atmos. Sc i . 27 , 359 374 .
  25. Koshyk , J. N. and Boer , G. J . 1995 . Parameterization of dynamical subgrid-scale processes in a spectral GCM. J. Atmos. Sc i . 52 , 965 975 .
  26. Kraichnan , R. H . 1967 . Inertial ranges in two-dimensional turbulence . Phys. Fluids 10 , 1417 1423 .
  27. Kraichnan , R. H . 1971 . Inertial-range transfer in two-and three-dimensional turbulence . J. Fluid Mech . 47 , 525 535 .
  28. Lander , J. and Hoskins , B. J . 1997 . Believable scales and parameterizations in a spectral model. Mon. Wea. Re v . 125 , 292 303 .
  29. Lambert , S. J . 1981 . A diagnostic study of global energy and enstrophy fluxes and spectra . Tellus 33 , 411 414 .
  30. Leith , C. E . 1971 . Atmospheric predictability and two-dimensional turbulence. J. Atmos. Sc i . 28 , 145 161 .
  31. Leith , C. E. and Kraichnan , R. H . 1972 . Predictability of turbulent flows. J. Atmos. Sc i . 29 , 1041 1058 .
  32. Lilly , D. K . 1983 . Stratified turbulence and the mesoscale variability of the atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sc i . 40 , 749 761 .
  33. Lilly , D. K . 1989 . Two-dimensional turbulence generated by energy sources at two scales. J. Atmos. Sc i . 46 , 2026 2030 .
  34. Lorenz , K . 1969 . The predictability of a flow which possesses many scales of motion. Tellus 21 , 289 - 307. McWilliams , J. C. and Chow , J. H. S. 1984. The emergence of isolated coherent vortices in turbulent flow . J. Fluid Mech . 146 , 21 43 .
  35. Maltrud , M. E. and Vallis , G. K . 1991 . Energy spectra and coherent structures in two-dimensional turbulence and beta-plane turbulence . J. Fluid Mech . 228 , 321 342 .
  36. Morita , O. and Uryu , M . 1989 . Geostrophic turbulence in a rotating annulus of fluid. J. Atmos. Sc i . 46 , 2349 2355 .
  37. Nakamura , H. and Wallace , J. M . 1993 . Synoptic behavior of baroclinic eddies during the blocking onset. Mon. Wea. Re v . 121 , 1892 1903 .
  38. Nastrom , G. D. and Gage , K. S . 1985 . A climatology of atmospheric wavenumber spectra observed by commercial aircraft. J. Atmos. Sc i . 42 , 950 960 .
  39. Orszag , S. A . 1977 . Lectures on the statistical theory of turbulence . In: Fluid dynamics 1973, Les Houches Summer School of Theoretical physics (eds. Balian , R. and Peuve , J.-L. ). New York : Gordon and Breach , pp. 237 374 .
  40. Panetta, R. Lee . 1993 . Zonal jets in wide baroclinically unstable regions: persistence and scale selection. J. Atmos. Sc i . 50 , 2073 2105 .
  41. Rhines , P. B . 1975 . Waves and turbulence on a fl-plane . J. Fluid Mech . 69 , 417 443 .
  42. Rhines , P. B . 1979 . Geostrophic turbulence . Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech . 11 , 401 441 .
  43. Salmon , R . 1980 . Baroclinic instability and geostrophic turbulence . Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn . 15 , 167 212 .
  44. Saltzman , B. and Fleisher , A . 1960 . The exchange of kinetic energy between larger scales of atmospheric motion . Tellus 12 , 374 377 .
  45. Shepherd , T. G . 1987a . A spectral view of nonlinear fluxes and stationary—transient interactions in the atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sc i . 44 , 1166 1178 .
  46. Shepherd , T. G . 1987b . Rossby waves and two-dimensional turbulence in a large-scale zonal jet . J. Fluid Mech . 183 , 467 509 .
  47. Steinberg , H. L. and Wiin-Nielsen , A . 1971 . On nonlinear cascades in large-scale atmospheric flow . J. Geophys. Res . 76 , 8629 8640 .
  48. Straus , D. M . 1983 . On the role of the seasonal cycle. J. Atmos. Sc i . 40 , 303 313 .
  49. Terry , P. W. and Newman , D. E . 1993 . Nonconservative and reverse spectral transfer in Hasegawa—Mima tur-bulence . Phys. Fluids B 5 , 2080 2085 .
  50. Trenberth , K. E. and Solomon , A . 1993 . Implications of global atmospheric spatial spectra for processing and displaying data . J. Climate 6 , 531 545 .
  51. Vallis , G. K . 1983 . On the predictability of quasi-geostrophic flow: the effects of beta and baroclinicity. J. Atmos. Sc i . 40 , 20 27 .
  52. Vallis , G. K. , Shutts , G. J. and Gray , M. E. B . 1997 . Balanced mesoscale motion and stratified turbulence forced by convection . Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc . 23 , 1621 1652 .
  53. White , G. H . 1982 . An observational study of the Northern Hemisphere extratropical summertime general circulation. J. Atmos. Sc i . 39 , 24 40 .
  54. Wiin-Nielsen , A . 1967 . On the annual variation and spectral distribution of atmospheric energy . Tellus , 19 , 540 559 .
  55. Wiin-Nielsen , A . 1972 . A study of power laws in the atmospheric kinetic energy spectrum using spherical harmonic functions . Meteor. Ann . 6 , 107 124 .
Language: English
Page range: 749 - 772
Submitted on: Sep 14, 1998
Accepted on: Jun 17, 1999
Published on: Jan 1, 1999
Published by: Stockholm University Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 1999 David M. Straus, Peter Ditlevsen, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.