References
-
Bond
, G., Heinrich, H., Broecker, W., Labeyrie, L., McManus, J., Andrews, J., Huon, S., Jantschik, R., Clasen, S., Simet, C., Tedesco, K., Klas, M., Bonai, G.and Ivy, S. 1992. Evidence for massive discharges of icebergs into the North Atlantic Ocean during the last glacial period. Nature, 245– 249. -
Boyle
, E. A.and Keigwin, L. D. 1987. North Atlantic thermohaline circulation during the past 20,000 years linked to high-latitude surface temperature. Nature, 35– 40. -
Broecker
, W. S. 1995. The glacial world according to Wally. Eldigo Press, Lamont—Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, New York, 318 pp.+ Appendix. -
Broecker
, W. S., Peteet, D.and Rind, D. 1985. Does the ocean-atmosphere system have more than one stable mode of operation?, 21– 25. -
Bryan
, K. 1969. Climate and the ocean circulation. Part II: The ocean model. Mon. Wea. Rev. 97, 806-827. Bryan, K. and Cox, M. 1967. A numerical integration of the oceanic general circulation model. Tellus, 54– 80. -
Bryan
, K.and Lewis, L. 1979. A water mass model of the world ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 84( C5), 2503– 2517. -
Delworth
, T. L., Manabe, S.and Stouffer, R. J. 1993. Interdecadal variation of the thermohaline circulation in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. J. Climate, 1993– 2011. -
Delworth
, T. L., Manabe, S.and Stouffer, R. J. 1997. Multidecadal variability in the Greenland Sea and surrounding regions: a coupled model simulation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 257– 260. -
Dickson
, R. R., Meinke, J., Malmberg, S. A.and Lee, A. J. 1988. The “Great Salinity Anomaly” in the northem North Atlantic 1968-1982. Progress in Oceano-graphy, 103– 151. -
Dixon
, K. W., Bullister, J. L., Gamon, R. H.and Stouffer, R. J. 1996. Examining a coupled air-sea model using CFCs as oceanic tracers. Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 1957– 1960. -
Duplessy
, J.-C., Shackleton, N. J., Fairbanks, R. G., Labeyrie, L., Oppo, D.and Kallel, N. 1988. Deep-water source variation during the last climate cycle and their impact on the global deep water circulation. Paleoceanography, 343– 360. -
Fairbanks
, R. G. 1989. A 17,000 year glacio-lustatic sea level record: Influence of glacial melting rates on the Younger Dryas event and deep-ocean circulation. Nature, 637– 642. -
Gordon
, C. T.and Stern, W. 1982. A description of the GFDL global spectral model.. 110, 625– 644. -
Grootes
, P. M., Stulver, M., White, J. W. C., Johnsen, S.and Jouzel, J. 1993. Comparison of oxygen isotope records from the GISP2 and GRIP Greenland ice cores, Nature, 552– 554. -
GRIP
. 1993. Climate instability during the last interglacial period recorded in the GRIP ice core. Nature, 203– 207. -
Haywood
, J. M., Stouffer, R. J., Wetherald, R. T., Manabe, S.and Ramaswamy, V. 1997. Transient response of a coupled model to estimated changes in greenhouse gas and sulfate concentrations. Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 1335– 1338. -
Jenkins
, W. J. 1980. Tritium and 'He in the Sargasso Sea. Marine Research, 533– 569. -
Keigwin
, L.D.and Jones, G. A. 1989. Glacial-Holocene stratigraphy, chronology and paleoceanographic observations on some North Atlantic sediment drift. Deep-Sea Res. 36, 845– 867. -
Keigwin
, L. D.and Lehman, S. J. 1994. Deep circulation linked to Heinrich event 1 and Younger Dryas in a middepth North Atlantic core. Paleoceanography, 185– 194. -
Kushnir
, Y. 1994. Interdecadal variation in North Atlantic sea surface temperature and associated atmospheric conditions, J. Climate, 141– 157. -
Ledwell
, J. R., Watson, A. J.and Law, C. S. 1994. Evidence for slow mixing across the pycnocline from an open-ocean tracer-release experiment. Nature, 701– 703. -
Manabe
, S. 1969. Climate and the ocean circulation, I. The atmospheric circulation and the hydrology of the earth's surface.. 9, 739– 774. -
Manabe
, S.and Bryan, K. 1969. Climate calculation with a combined ocean-atmosphere model.. 26, 786– 789. -
Manabe
, S.and Stouffer, R. J. 1988. Two stable equilibria of a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. J. Climate, 841– 866. -
Manabe
, S.and Stouffer, R. J. 1993. Century-scale effects of increased atmospheric CO2 on the ocean-atmosphere system. Nature, 215– 218. -
Manabe
, S.and Stouffer, R. J. 1994. Multiple-century response of a coupled ocean-atmosphere model to an increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide. J. Climate, 5– 23. -
Manabe
, S.and Stouffer, R. J. 1995. Simulation of abrupt climate change induced by freshwater input to the North Atlantic Ocean. Nature, 165– 167. -
Manabe
, S.and Stouffer, R. J. 1997. Coupled ocean-atmosphere model response to freshwater input: comparison to Younger Dryas event. Paleoceanography, 321– 336. -
Manabe
, S.and Stouffer, R. J. 1999. Are two modes of thermohaline circulation stable?, in press. -
Manabe
, S., Smagorinsky, J.and Strickler, R. F. 1965. Simulated climatology of a general circulation model with a hydrologic cycle.. 93, 769– 798. -
Manabe
, S., Stouffer, R. J., Spelman, M. J., Bryan, K. 1991. Transient response of a coupled ocean-atmosphere model to gradual changes of atmospheric CO2. Part I: Annual mean response. J. Climate, 785– 818. -
Mann
, M. E., Park, J.and Bradley, R. S. 1995. Global interdecadal and century-scale climate oscillations during the past five centuries. Nature, 266– 270. -
Molencamp
, C. R. 1968. Accuracy of finite difference methods applied to the advection equation. J. Appl. Meteor. 7, 160– 167. -
Orszag
, S. A. 1970. Transform method for calculating vector-coupled sums: Application to the spectral form of the vorticity equation.. 27, 890– 895. -
Peteet
, D. 1995. Global Younger Dryas?. 28, 93– 104. -
Rahmstorf
, S. 1995. Bifurcations of the Atlantic thermohaline arculation in atomosphere to changes in the hydrologic cycle. Nature, 145– 149. -
Rooth
, C. G.and Ostlund, H. G. 1972. Penetration of tritium into the Atlantic thermocline. Deep-Sea Res. 19, 481– 492. -
Sarnthein
, M., Winn, K., Jung, S. A., Duplessy, J.-C., Labeyrie, L., Erlenkeuser, H.and Gaussen, G. 1994. Changes in east Atlantic deep water circulation over the past 30,000 years: Eight times slice reconstruction. Paleoceanography, 209– 267. -
Schiller
, A., Mikolajewicz, U.and Voss, R. 1997. The stability of the thermohaline circulation in a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model. Climate Dyn. 13, 325– 348. -
Stocker
, T. F.and Schmitter, A. 1997. Influence of CO2 emission rate on the stability of the thermohaline circulation. Nature, 862– 865. -
Stommel
, H. M. 1961. Thermohaline convection with two stable regimes of flow. Tellus, 224– 230. -
Stouffer
, R. J., Manabe, S., Spelman, M. J.and Bryan, K. 1989. Interhemispheric asymmetry in climate response to a gradual increase of atmospheric CO2. Nature, 660– 662. -
Stouffer
, R. J.and Manabe, S. 1999. Response of a coupled ocean-atmosphere model to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide: Sensitivity to the rate of increase . J. Climate, in press. -
Walker
, J. C. G.and Kasting, J. F. 1992. Effect of fuel and forest conservation on future levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Paleoceanogr. Paleoclimatol., Paleoccol. 97, 151– 189. -
Winton
, M. 1997. The effect of cold climate upon North Atlantic deep water formation in a simple ocean-atmosphere model. J. Climate, 39– 51. -
Wurtele
, M. G. 1961. On the problem of truncation error. Tellus, 379– 391.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v51i1.12308 | Journal eISSN: 3035-9554
Language: English
Page range: 91 - 109
Submitted on: Jun 10, 1998
Accepted on: Sep 22, 1998
Published on: Jan 1, 1999
Published by: Stockholm University Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
© 1999 Syukuro Manabe, Ronald J. Stouffer, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.