Gravity waves in the mesosphere generated by tropospheric convention
By: James R. Holton and M. Joan Alexander
References
-
Alexander
, M. J. 1996. A simulated spectrum of convectively generated gravity waves: propagation from the tropopause to the mesopause, and effects on the middle atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 1571– 1588. -
Alexander
, M. J., Holton, J. R.and Durran, D. R. 1995. The gravity wave response above deep convection in a squall line simulation.. 52, 2212– 2226. -
Andreassen
, Ø., Wasberg, C. E., Fritts, D. C.and Isler, J. R. 1994. Gravity wave breaking in two and three dimensions (1). Model description and comparison of two-dimensional evolutions. J. Geophys. Res. 99, 8095– 8108. -
Bacmeister
, J. T.and Schoeberl, M. R. 1989. Breakdown of vertically propagating two-dimensional gravity waves forced by orography.. 46, 2109– 2134. -
Durran
, D. R. 1995. Do breaking mountain waves decelerate the local mean flow? J. Atmos. Sci. 52, 4010-4032. Durran, D. R. and Klemp, J. B. 1983. A compressible model for the simulation of moist mountain waves. Mon. Wea. Rev. 111, 2341– 2361. -
Espy
, P. J.and Huppi, R. 1997. The intertropical convergence zone as a source of short-period gravity waves near the Equator. J. Atmos. Sol-Terr. Phys. 59, 1665– 1671. -
Fovell
, R., Durran, D.and Holton, J. R. 1992. Numerical simulations of convectively generated stratospheric gravity waves.. 49, 1427– 1442. -
Fritts
, D. C. 1989. A review of gravity wave saturation processes, effects, and variability in the middle atmosphere. Pure Appl. Geophys. 130, 343– 371. -
Fritts
, D. C.and Vincent, R. A. 1987. Mesospheric momentum flux studies at Adelaide, Australia: observations and a gravity wave-tidal interaction model.. 44, 605– 619. -
Garcia
, R. R.and Solomon, S. 1985. The effect of breaking gravity waves on the dynamics and chemical composition of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 90, 3850– 3868. -
Hauchecorne
, A., Chanin, M. L.and Wilson, R. 1987. Mesospheric temperature inversion and gravity wave breaking. Geophys. Res. Letts. 14, 933– 936. -
Holton
, J. R. 1983. The influence of gravity wave breaking on the general circulation of the middle atmosphere.. 40, 2497– 2507. -
Holton
, J. R.and Durran, D. 1993. Convectively generated stratospheric gravity waves: the role of mean wind shear. In: Coupling processes in the lower and middle atmosphere, (ed. Thrane, E. V.e. a.). Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 175- 189. -
Holton
, J. R.and Schoeberl, M. R. 1988. The role of gravity wave generated advection and diffusion in the transport of tracers in the mesosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 93, 11075– 11082. -
Leblanc
, T., Hauchecorne, A., Chanin, M.-L., Rodgers, C., Taylor, F.and Livesey, N. 1995. Mesospheric temperature inversions as seen by ISAMS in December 1991. Geophys. Res. Letts. 22, 1485– 1488. -
Leovy
, C. B. 1964. Simple models of thermally driven mesospheric circulation.. 21, 327– 341. -
Lindzen
, R. S. 1973. Wave-mean flow interactions in the upper atmosphere. Bound-Layer Meteor. 4, 327– 343. -
Lindzen
, R. S. 1981. Turbulence and stress owing to gravity wave and tidal breakdown. J. Geophys. Res. 86, 9707– 9714. -
Lübken
, F. J., Fricke, K. H.and Langer, M. 1996. Noctilucent clouds and the thermal structure near the Arctic mesopause in summer. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 9489– 9508. -
McFarlane
, N. A. 1987. The effect of orographically excited gravity wave drag on the general circulation of the lower stratosphere and troposphere.. 44, 1775– 1800. -
McLandress
, C. 1998. On the importance of gravity waves in the middle atmosphere and their parameterization in general circulation models.. 60, accepted. -
Palmer
, T. N., Shutts, G. J.and Swinbank, R. 1986. Alleviation of a systematic westerly bias in general circulation and numerical weather prediction models through an orographic gravity wave drag parameterization. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 112, 1001– 10039. -
Prusa
, J. M., Smolarkiewicz, P. K.and Garcia, R. R. 1996. Propagation and breaking at high altitudes of gravity waves excited by tropospheric forcing.. 53, 2186– 2216. -
Swenson
, G. R.and Espy, P. J. 1995. Observations of 2-Dimensional Airglow Structure and Na Density from the ALOHA, October 9, 1993 “Storm Flight”. Geophys. Res. Letts. 22, 2845– 2848. -
Taylor
, M. J.and Hapgood, M. A. 1988. The identification of a thunderstorm as a source of short period gravity waves in the upper atmospheric nightglow emission. Planet. Space Sc. 36, 975– 985. -
Weisman
, M. L.and Klemp, J. B. 1982. The dependence of numerically simulated convective storms on vertical wind shear and buoyancy. Mon. Wea. Rev. 110, 504– 520. -
Whiteway
, J. A., Carswell, A. I.and Ward, W. E. 1995. Mesospheric temperature inversions with overlying nearly adiabatic lapse rate: An indication of a well-mixed turbulent layer. Geophys. Res. Letts. 22, 1201– 1204. -
Zhu
, X.and Holton, J. R. 1987. Mean fields induced by local gravity-wave forcing in the middle atmosphere.. 44, 2620– 2630.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v51i1.12305 | Journal eISSN: 3035-9554
Language: English
Page range: 45 - 58
Submitted on: May 22, 1998
Accepted on: Aug 3, 1998
Published on: Jan 1, 1999
Published by: Stockholm University Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
© 1999 James R. Holton, M. Joan Alexander, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.