Modeling the seasonal, interannual, and long-term variations of salinity and temperature in the Baltic proper
By: Anders Omstedt and Lars B. Axell
References
-
Axell
, L. B. 1998. On the Variability of Baltic Sea Deep-Water Mixing . J. Geophys. Res., in press. -
BALTEX 1995. Baltic Sea experiment BALTEX. Initial implementation plan. International BALTEX Secretariat, Publ. No. 2, GKSS Research Center, Geestacht, Germany
, 84 pp. -
Bergstrom
, S.and Carlsson, B. 1994. River runoff to the Baltic Sea: 1950-1990. Ambio, 280– 287. -
Elken
, J. 1996. Deep water overflow, circulation and vertical exchange in the Baltic proper. Estonian Marine Institute, Tallinn, Report Series No. 6, 91 pp. -
Fischer
, H.and Matthäus, W. 1996. The importance of the Drogden Sill in the Sound for major Baltic inflows. J. Mar. Systems, 137– 157. -
Fonselius
, S. H. 1969. Hydrography of the Baltic deep basins III. Fish. Board Sweden, Ser. Hydrogr. Rep., 23, 97 pp. -
Gustafsson
, B. 1997a. Dynamics of the seas and straits between the Baltic and North Seas . A process-oriented oceanographic study. PhD thesis, Department of Oceanography, Earth Sciences Centre, Goteborg University, Sweden. -
Gustafsson
, B. 1997b. Interaction between Baltic Sea and North Sea. D. Hydr. Z. 49, 1– 19. -
Gustafsson
, N., Nyberg, L.and Omstedt, A. 1998. Coup-ling High Resolution Atmosphere and Ocean Models for the Baltic Sea . Monthly Weather Review, in press. -
Haapala
, J.and Leppäranta, M. 1996. Simulating Baltic Sea ice season with a coupled ice-ocean model. Tellus, 622– 643. -
Haapala
, J.and Leppäranta, M. 1997. The Baltic Sea ice season in changing climate. Boreal Environment Research, 93– 108. -
Haapala
, J., Leppäranta, M.and Omstedt, A. 1993. For-cing data for the Baltic Sea ice climate modelling., Tvär-minne, Finland, 24-26 August 1993, Report Series in Geophysics, 27, University of Helsinki, department of Geophysics,- 107. -
Häkansson
, B., Broman, B.and Dahlin, H. 1993. The flow of water and salt in the Sound during the Baltic major inflow event in January 1993. In ICES Statutory Meeting, Dublin, ICES C.M. 1993, p. 57. -
HELCOM
. Water balance of the Baltic Sea. In Baltic Sea environment proceedings, Vol. 16 , Helsinki, Finland. -
Huber
, K., Kleine, E., Lass, H.-U.and Matthäus, W. 1994. The major Baltic inflow in January 1993 — Measurements and modelling results. D. Hydr. Z. 46, 103– 114. -
Knudsen
, M. 1900. Ein hydrographischer Lehrsatz. Ann. der Hydrographie und Maritimen Met., pp. 316– 320. -
Kouts
, T.and Omstedt, A. 1993. Deep water exchange in the Baltic Proper. Tellus, 311– 324. -
Lehmann
, A. 1995. A three-dimensional baroclinic eddy-resolving model of the Baltic Sea. Tellus, 1013– 1031. -
Liljebladh
, B.and Stigebrandt, A. 1996. Observations of the deepwater flow into the Baltic Sea. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 8895– 8911. -
Matthäus
, W.and Franck, H. 1992. Characteristics of major Baltic inflows. A statistical analysis. Cont. Shelf Res. 12, 1375– 1400. -
Matthäus
, W.and Lass, H. U. 1995. The recent salt inflow into the Baltic Sea. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 25, 280– 286. -
Mattsson
, J. 1996a. Some comments on the barotropic flow through the Danish Straits and the division of the flow between the Belt Sea and the Oresund. Tellus, 456– 464. -
Mattsson
, J. 1996b. Analysis of the exchange of .salt between the Baltic and the Kattegat through the Öresund using a three-layer model. J. Geophys. Res. 101, C7, 16571– 16584. -
Meier
, H. E. M. 1996. A regional model of the western Baltic Sea with open boundary conditions and data assimilation (in German). Ber. Inst. f. Meereskunde, Kiel, Germany, No. 284, 117 pp. -
Omstedt
, A., Meuller, L.and Nyberg, L. 1997. Interan-nual, seasonal and regional variations of precipitation and evaporation over the Baltic Sea. Ambio, 484– 492. -
Omstedt
, A.and Nyberg, L. 1995. A coupled ice—ocean model supporting winter navigation in the Baltic Sea: Part 2. Thermodynamics and meteorological coupling. Reports Oceanography 21, SMHI, S-601 76 Norrkoping, Sweden, 38 pp. -
Omstedt
, A.and Nyberg, L. 1996. Response of Baltic Sea ice to seasonal, interannual forcing and climate change. Tellus, 644– 662. -
Omstedt
, A., Nyberg, L.and Leppäranta, M. 1994. A coupled ice—ocean model supporting winter navigation in the Baltic Sea: Part 1. Ice dynamics and water levels. Reports Oceanography 17, SMHI, S-601 76 Norrkoping, Sweden, 17 pp. -
Pedersen
, F. 1993. Fronts in the Kattegat: the hydrodyn-amics regulating factor for biology. Estuaries, 104– 112. -
Samuelsson
, M.and Stigebrandt, A. 1996. Main characteristics of the long-term sea level variability in the Baltic Sea. Tellus, 672– 683. -
Schrum
, C. 1997. A coupled ice-ocean model for the North Sea and the Baltic Sea.and A.(eds.), Sensitivity of North Sea, Baltic Sea and Black Sea to anthropogenic and climate change. NATO ASI Ser., pp. 311– 325, Kluwer Academic Publishers. -
Stigebrandt
, A. 1983. A model for the exchange of water and salt between the baltic and the Skagerrak. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 13, 411– 427. -
Stigebrandt
, A. 1987. A model for the vertical circulation of the Baltic deep water. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 17, 1772– 1785. -
The WAMDI Group: Hasselmann, S., Hasselmann, K., Bauer, E., Janssen, P. A. E. M., Komen, G. J., Bertotti, L., Lionelli, P., Guillome, A., Cardone, V. C., Greenwood, J. A., Reistad, M., Zambresky, L. and Ewing, J. A
. 1988. The WAM model. A 3rd generation oceanwave prediction model. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 18, 1775– 1810.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v50i5.14563 | Journal eISSN: 3035-9554
Language: English
Page range: 637 - 652
Submitted on: Oct 24, 1997
Accepted on: May 26, 1998
Published on: Jan 1, 1998
Published by: Stockholm University Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
© 1998 Anders Omstedt, Lars B. Axell, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.