Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
An analysis of extra-tropical storms in the North Atlantic region as simulated in a control and 2 x C02 time-slice experiment with a high-resolution atmospheric model Cover

An analysis of extra-tropical storms in the North Atlantic region as simulated in a control and 2 x C02 time-slice experiment with a high-resolution atmospheric model

Open Access
|Jan 1997

References

  1. Bacon , S. and Carter , D. J. T . 1991 . Wave climate changes in the North Atlantic and North Sea . Int. J. Climatol . 11 , 545 558 .
  2. Beersma , J. J . 1994 . Storm activity over the North Sea and the Netherlands in two climate models compared with observations . KNMI Scientific report WR 94-02, 43 pp., Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), De Bilt, The Netherlands.
  3. Bengtsson , L. , Botzet , M. and Esch , M . 1995 . Hurricane-type vortices in a general circulation model . Tellus 47A , 175 196 .
  4. Bengtsson , L. , Botzet , M. and Esch , M . 1996 . Will green-house gas-induced warming over the next 50 years lead to higher frequency and greater intensity of hurricanes? Tellus 48A , 57 73 .
  5. Blackmon , M. L . 1976 . A climatological spectral study of the 500mb geopotential height of the Northern Hemisphere. J. Atmos. Sc i . 33 , 1607 1623 .
  6. Bouws , E. , Jannink , D. and Komen , G. J . 1996 . The increasing wave height in the North Atlantic Ocean . Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc . 10 , 2275 2277 .
  7. Brinkop , S . 1991 . Inclusion of cloud processes in the ECHAM PBL parameterization. In: Studying climate with the ECHAM atmospheric model. Large-Scale atmospheric modelling , R. Sausen (ed.). Report No. 9, 5-14. Meteorologisches Institut der Universität Hamburg, Germany.
  8. Brinkop , S . 1992 . Parameterisierung von Grenzschicht-wolken für Zirkulationsmodelle. Berichte aus dem Zentrum für Meeres- und Klimaforschung, Reihe A. Meteorologie, nr. 2. 77pp., Meteorologisches Institut der Universität Hamburg, Germany.
  9. Cubasch , U. , Hasselmann , K. , Hoeck , H. , Maier-Reimer , E. , Mikolajewicz , U. , Santer , B. D. and Sausen , R . 1992 . Time-dependent greenhouse warming computations with a coupled ocean-atmosphere model . Climate Dynamics 8 , 55 69 .
  10. Deser , C. and Blackmon , M. L . 1993 . Surface climate variations over the North Atlantic Ocean during winter: 1900-1989 . J. Climate 6 , 1743 1753 .
  11. DKRZ (ed.) 1992: The ECHAM 3 atmospheric general circulation model. DKRZ Technical Report No.6, 184 pp., Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum (DKRZ), Hamburg, Germany.
  12. Dronia , H . 1991 . On the accumulation of excessive low pressure systems over the North Atlantic during the winter seasons November to March) 1988/89 to 1990/ 91 . Die Witterung im Übersee 39 , 27 .
  13. Held , I. M . 1993 . Large-scale dynamics and global warming . Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc . 74 , 228 241 .
  14. Hurrell , J. W . 1995 . Decadal trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation: Regional temperatures and precipitation . Science 269 , 676 679 .
  15. Hurrell , J. W. and van Loon , H . 1995 . Analysis of low-frequency climate variations over the Northern Atlantic using historical atmospheric data. Preprints Sixth Symp. on Global change studies, Dallas, TX, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 174 - 179 .
  16. Kattenberg , A. , Giorgi , F. , Grassi , H. , Meehl , G. A. , Mitchell , J. F. B. , Stouffer , R. J. , Tokioka , T. , Weaver , A. J. and Wigley , T. M. L . 1996 . Climate models: projections of future climate change. Climate change 1995, The science of climate change , Houghton , J. T. , Meira Filho , L. G. , Callander , B. A. , Harris , N. , Kattenberg , A. and Maskell , K (eds.): 572 pp. , Cambridge University Press , Cambridge, UK.
  17. Kaas , E. , Li , T.-S. and Schmith , T . 1996 . Statistical hind-cast of wind climatology in the North Atlantic and northwestern European region . Climate Research 7 , 97 110 .
  18. Louis , J. F . 1979 . A parametric model of vertical eddy fluxes in the atmosphere . Bound-Layer Meteor . 17 , 187 202 .
  19. Miller , M. J. , Palmer T. N. and Swinbank , R . 1989 . Parameterization and influence of sub-grid scale orography in general circulation and numerical weather prediction models . Met. Atm. Phys . 40 , 84 109 .
  20. Miller , M. J. , Beljaars A. and Palmer , T. N . 1992 . The sensitivity of the ECMWF model to the parameterization of evaporation in the tropical oceans . J. Climate , 5 , 418 434 .
  21. Nicholls , N. , Gruza , G. V. , Jouzel , J. , Karl , T. R. , Ogallo L. A. and Parker , D. E . 1996 . Observed climate variability and change. Climate change 1995, The science of climate change , Houghton , J. T. , Meira Filho , L. G. , Callander , B. A. , Harris , N. , Kattenberg , A. and Maskell , K (eds.): 572 pp. , Cambridge University Press , Cambridge, UK.
  22. Palmer , T. N. , Shutts G. J. and Swinbank , R . 1986 . Alleviation of a systematic westerly bias in general circulation and numerical weather prediction models through an orographic gravity wave drag parameterization . Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc . 112 , 1001 1031 .
  23. Rogers , J. C . 1990 . Patterns of low-frequency monthly sea level pressure variability (1899-1986) and associated wave cyclone frequencies . J. Climate 3 , 1364 1379 .
  24. Schinke , H . 1993 . On the occurence of deep cyclones over Europe and the North Atlantic in the period 1930-1991 . Beitr. Phys. Atmosph . 66 , 223 237 .
  25. Schmidt , H. and von Starch , H . 1993 . German Bight storms analysed . Nature 365 , 791 .
  26. Stein, O and Hense, A . 1994 . A reconstructed time series of the number of extreme low pressure events since 1880 . Meteorologische Zeitschrift N.F . 3 , 43 46 .
  27. Von Storch , H. , Guddal , J. , Iden , K. A. , Jonsson , T. , Perlwitz , J. , Reistad , M. , de Ronde , J. , Schmidt , H. and Zorita , E . 1993 . Changing statistics of storms in the North Atlantic? MPI Report No. 116 , 19 pp. Max-Planck-Institut air Meteorologic , Hamburg , Germany .
  28. Wallace , J. M. and Gutzler , D. S . 1981 . Teleconnections in the geopotential height field during the northern hemisphere winter. Mon. Wea. Re v . 109 , 784 812 .
Language: English
Page range: 347 - 361
Submitted on: Jul 17, 1996
Accepted on: Jan 24, 1997
Published on: Jan 1, 1997
Published by: Stockholm University Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 1997 J. J. Beersma, K. M. Rider, G. J. Komen, E. Kaas, V. V. Kharin, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.