A comparison of two strategies on land surface heterogeneity used in a mesoscale β meteorological model
By: Nicole Mölders, Armin Raabe and Gerd Tetzlaff
References
-
Avissar
, R.and Pielke, R. A. . A parameterization of heterogeneous land surface for atmospheric numerical models and its impact on regional meteorology. Mon. Wea. Rev. 117, 2113– 2136. -
Businger
, J. A., Wyngaard, J. C., Izumi, Y.and Bradley, E. F. . Flux profile relationship in the atmospheric surface layer. J. Atmos. Sci. 28, 181– 189. -
Blackadar
, A. K. . The vertical distribution of wind and turbulent exchange in a neutral atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 67, 3095– 3103. -
Chen
, F.and Avissar, R. . Impact of land-surface variability on local shallow convective cumulus and precipitation in large-scale models. J. Appl. Met. 33, 1382– 1401. -
Deardorff
, J. W. . Efficient prediction of ground surface temperature and moisture, with inclusion of a layer of vegetation. J. Geophys. Res. 84C, 1889– 1903. -
Dickinson
, R. E., Henderson-Sellers, A., Kennedy, P. J.and Wilson, M. F. . Biosphere-atmosphere transfer scheme (BATS) for the NCAR community climate model. NCAR Technical Note 275 +STR. -
Dolman
, A. . A note on areally-averaged evaporation and the value of the effective surface conductance. J. Hydrol. 138, 583– 589. -
Entekhabi
, D.and Brubaker, K. L. . An analytical approach to modeling land-atmosphere interaction. 2. Stochastic formulation. Water Resource Res. 31, 633– 643. -
Entekhabi
, D.and Eagleson, P. . Land surface hydrology parameterization for atmospheric general circulation models including subgrid-scale spatial variability. J. Clim. 2, 816– 831. -
Eppel
, D. P., Kapitza, H., Claussen, M., Jacob, D., Koch, W., Levkov, L., Mengelkamp, H.-T.and Werrmann, N. . The non-hydrostatic mesoscale model GESIMA. Part II: Parameterizations and applications. Contrib. Atmos. Phys. 68, 15– 41. -
Garratt
, J. R. . The internal boundary layer-a review. Boundary Layer Meteorol. 50, 171– 203. -
Hupfer
, P.and Raabe, A. . Meteorological transition between land and sea in the microscale. Meteorol. Zeitsch. 44, 100– 103. -
Jacob
, D. . Numerische Simulation der Wolkenbil-dung in einer Land-Seewind-Zirkulation. GKSS Report 911E140 (in German). -
Kapitza
, H.and Eppel, D. P. . The non-hydrostatic mesoscale model GESIMA. Part I: Dynamical equations and tests. Contr. Phys. Atmos. 65, 129– 146. -
Koster
, R. D.and Suarez, M. J. . A comparative analysis of two land surface heterogeneity representations. J. Chin. 5, 1379– 1390. -
Kramm
, G., Dlugi, R., Molders, N.and Muller, H. . Numerical investigations of the dry deposition of reactive trace gases.In: J.M.. 1, Computational Mechanics Publications, Southhampton Boston, 285- 307. -
Kramm
, G., Dlugi, R., Dollard, G. J., Foken, T., Molders, N., Muller, H., Seiler, W.and Sievering, H. . On the dry deposition of ozone and reactive nitrogen compounds. Atmos. Environ. 29, 3209– 3231. -
Lhomme
, J.-P. . Energy balance of heterogeneous terrain: averaging the controlling parameters. Agri. For. Meteorol. 61, 11– 21. -
Lord
, S. J, Willoughby, H. E.and Piotrowicz, J. M. . Role of parameterized ice-phase microphysics in an axis ymmetric, nonhydrostatic tropical cyclone model. J. Atmos. Sci. 41, 2836– 2848. -
Mahrt
, L.and Sun, J. . Dependence of exchange coefficients on averaging scale and grid size. Q. .1. Roy. Met. Soc. 121, 1835– 1852. -
Mellor
, G. L.and Yamanda, T. . A hierarchy of turbulence closure models for planetary boundary layers. J. Atmos. Sci. 31, 1791– 1806. -
Mölders
, N.and Raabe, A. . Numerical investigations on the influence of subgrid-scale surface heterogeneity on evapotranspiration and cloud processes. J. Appl. Meteor, 35, 782– 795. -
Mölders
, N., Laube, M.and Kramm, G.. On the parameterization of ice microphysics in a mesoscale a weather forecast model.. 38, 207– 235. -
Olberg
, M.and Rakoczi, F. . Informationstheorie in der Meteorologie und Geophysik . Akademie Verlag, Berlin. -
Oke
, T. R. . Boundary layer climates . Routledge, London/New York. -
Pielke
, R. A. . Mesoscale meteorological modeling, Academic Press , Inc., London. -
Raabe
, A. . On the relation between the drag coefficient and fetch above the sea in the case of off shore wind in the near-shore zone. Z. Meteor. 6, 363– 367. -
Raabe
, A. . Die Höhe der internen Grenzschicht.. 41, 251– 261, (in German). -
Refsgaard
, J. C., Seth, S. M., Bathurst, J. C., Ehrlich, M., Storm, B., Jorgensen, G.H.and Chandra, S. . Application of SHE to catchment in India—Part 1: General results. J. Hydrol. 140, 1– 23. -
Sellers
, P. J., Mintz, Y., Sud, Y. C.and Dalcher, A. . A simple biosphere atmosphere model (SiB) for use within general circulation models. J. Atmos. Sci. 43, 505– 531. -
Seth
, A., Giorgi, F.and Dickinson, R. E. . Simulating fluxes from heterogeneous land surfaces: explicit subgrid method employing the biosphere-atmosphere transfer scheme (BATS). J. Geophys. Res. 99, 18651– 18667. -
Shuttleworth
, W. J. . Macrohydrology—the new challenge for process hydrology. J. Hydrol. 100, 31– 56. -
Wetzel
, P .J.and Chang, J.-T. . Evapotranspiration from nonuniform surfaces: A first approach for short-term numerical weather prediction. Mon. Wea. Rev. 116, 600– 621. -
Wilson
, M. F., Henderson-Sellers, A., Dickinson, R. E.and Kennedy, P. J. . Sensitivity of the biosphere-atmosphere transfer scheme (BATS) to the inclusion of variable soil characteristics. J. Clim. Appl. Met. 26, 341– 362.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v48i5.12203 | Journal eISSN: 3035-9554
Language: English
Page range: 733 - 749
Submitted on: Oct 12, 1995
Accepted on: Jan 26, 1996
Published on: Jan 1, 1996
Published by: Stockholm University Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
© 1996 Nicole Mölders, Armin Raabe, Gerd Tetzlaff, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.