On the ice-ocean response to wind forcing

The ice-ocean response to variable winds is analysed based upon two types of models. An analytical ice-ocean model with linear stress laws and forced by periodic winds is first derived. Secondly a numerical, vertically resolved ice-ocean model is introduced. In the numerical model, the ice-water stress law is calculated from a turbulence model and the wind stress is calculated on the basis of a square law formation. By comparing the ice-ocean stress law formulations, it is illustrated that the numerical model predicts an ice-ocean stress law that has a power slightly less than 2 compared to 1 for the analytical model. The numerical prediction is in good accordance with field observations and the slight deviation from 2 is due to wall effects close to the ice-water interface. It is then demonstrated that the ice-ocean response to variable winds could be well simulated by both models, but the analytical model did not capture the wind dependency properly (because of the linear approach). The ice and current factors are amplified at wind frequencies close to inertial (ω = —f) and damped at high positive and negative frequencies. The maximum ice and current factors at a wind frequency equal to the inertial oscillation are shown to be dependent only on the friction coefficients. With the constants applied in the present study, the maximum ice drift and current speed are equal to 7.8% and 5.5% of the wind speed, respectively. These steady state values are however, quite unrealistic as they would require a uniformly changing wind direction for many inertial periods.