Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
The changing photochemistry of the troposphere Cover

The changing photochemistry of the troposphere

Open Access
|Jan 1991

References

  1. Aselmann , I. and Crutzen , P. J . 1989 . Global distribution of natural freshwater wetlands and rice paddies, their net primary productivity, seasonality and possible methane emissions . J.Atmos. Chem . 8 , 307 358 .
  2. Attmannspacher , W. , Hartmannsgruber , R. and Lang , P . 1984 . Langzeittendenzen des Ozons der Atmosphdre aufgrund der 1967 begonnenen OzonmeBreihen am Meteorologischen Observatorium HohenpeiBenberg, (in German) Meteorol . Rdsch. 37 , 193 199 .
  3. Blake , D. R. , Mayer , E. W. , Tyler , S. C. , Montague , D. C. , Makide , Y. and Rowland , F. S . 1982 . Global increase in atmospheric methane concentration between 1978 and 1980 . Geophys. Res. Lett . 9 , 477 480 .
  4. Bolin , B. , Dbös , B. R. , Jager , J. and Warrick , R. A. (Eds.) 1986 . The greenhouse effect, climatic change and ecosystems . SCOPE 29 , John Wiley & Sons , 541 p .
  5. Bonsang , B. , Kanakidou , M. , Lambert , G. , and Monfray , P ., 1988 . The marine source of C2—C6 aliphatic hydrocarbons . J. Atmos. Chem . 6 , 3 20 .
  6. Bra' , C. and Crutzen , P. J . 1988 . Scenarios of possible changes in atmospheric temperatures and ozone concentrations due to man's activities as estimated with a one-dimensional coupled photochemical climate model . Climate Dynamics 2 , 173 203 .
  7. Brunke , E. G. , Scheel , H. E. and Seiler , W . 1990 . Trends of tropospheric CO, NO2 and CH4 as observed at Cape Point, South Africa . Atmos. Environ . 24A , 585 595 .
  8. Chameides , W. L. , Davis , D. D. , Bradshaw , J. , Rodgers , M. , Sandholm , S. and Bai , D. B . 1987 . An estimate of the NO production rate in electrified clouds based on NO observations from the GTE/CITE 1 fall 1983 field operation./ . Geophys. Res . 92 , 2153 2156 .
  9. Cicerone , R. J. and Oremland , R. S . 1988 . Biogeochemi-cal aspects of atmospheric methane . Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2 , 299 328 .
  10. Craig , H. and Chou , C. C . 1982 . Methane: The record in polar ice cores . Geophys. Res. Lett . 9 , 1221 1224 .
  11. Crutzen , P. J . 1973. A discussion of the chemistry of some minor constituents in the stratosphere and troposphere. Pure Appl. Geophys. 106-108 , 1385-139 9 .
  12. Crutzen , P. J . 1987 . Role of the tropics in atmospheric chemistry . In The Geophysiology of Amazonia (ed. R. E. Dickinson ). John Wiley , New York , 107 130 .
  13. Crutzen , P. J. and Gidel , L. T . 1983 . A two-dimensional photochemical model of the atmosphere.2: The tropospheric budgets of the anthropogenic chlorocar-bons, CO, CH, CH3C1 and the effectof various NO,sources on tropospheric ozone . J. Geophys. Res . 88 , 6641 6661 .
  14. Crutzen , P. J. and Andreae , M . 0. 1990 . Biomass burning in the tropics: impact on atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemical cycles . Science 250 , 1669 1678 .
  15. Davis , D. D. , Bradshaw , J. D. , Rodgers , M.O. , Sandholm , S. T. and KeSheng , S. 1987. Free tropospheric and boundary layer measurements of NO over the central and eastern north Pacific Ocean. J. Geophys. Res . 92 , 2049 2070 .
  16. Dianov-Klokov , V. I. and Yurganov , L. N . 1981 . A spectroscopic study of the global space-time distribution of atmospheric carbon monoxide . Tellus 33 , 262 273 .
  17. Dianov-Klokov , V. I. , Yurganov , L. N. , Grechko , E. I. and Dzhola , A. V . 1989 . Spectroscopic measurements of atmospheric carbon monoxide and methane. 1: Latitudinal distribution . J. Atmos. Chem . 8 , 139 151 .
  18. Dorn , H.-P. , Callies , J. , Platt , U. and Ehhalt , D. H . 1988 . Measurements of tropospheric OH concentrations by long-path absorption spectroscopy . Tellus 40B , 437 445 .
  19. Drummond , J. W. , Ehhalt , D. H. and Volz , A . 1988 . Measurements of nitric oxide between 67° N and 60°S latitude obtained during STRATOZ III . J. Geophys. Res. 93 , 15 831-15 849 .
  20. Ehhalt , D. H. and Drummond , J. W . 1982 . The tropospheric cycle of NO„. In: Chemistry of the unpolluted and polluted troposphere (eds. H. W. Georgii and Jaeschke ). Reidel , 219 251 .
  21. Feichter , J. and Crutzen , P. J . 1990 . Parameterization of vertical tracer transport due to deep cumulus convection in a global transport model and its evaluation with 222Radon measurements . Tellus 42B , 100 117 .
  22. Galbally , I. E. and Roy , C. R . 1978 . Loss of fixed nitrogen from soils by nitric oxide exhalation . Nature 275 , 734 735 .
  23. Galbally , I. E. and Roy , C. R . 1980 . Destruction of ozone at the earth's surface , Q.J.R.Meteorol. Soc . 106 , 599 620 .
  24. Gille , J. C. , Bailey , P. J. and Craig , C. A. 1987 . Proposed reference model for nitric acid. Adv. Space Res. 7 , 9 , 25 35 , 1987 .
  25. Hao , W. M. , Liu , M. H. and Crutzen , P. J . 1991 . Estimates of Annual and Regional Releases of CO2 and other Trace Gases to the Atmosphere from Fires in the Tropics, based on the FAO Statistics for the Period 1975-1980 . In: Fire in the tropical biota (ed. J. G. Goldammer ). Springer , Berlin .
  26. Hard , T. M. , Chan , C. Y. , Mehrabzadeh , A. A. , Pon , W. H. and O'Brien , R. J . 1986 . Diurnal cycle of OH . Nature 322 , 617 620 .
  27. Hough , A. M. and Derwent , R. G . 1990 . Changes in the global concentration of tropospheric ozone due to human activities . Nature 344 , 645 648 .
  28. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change) 1990 . Climate change (eds . J. T. Houghton , G.J. Jenkins and J. J. Ephraums). Cambridge University Press .
  29. Isaksen , I. S. A. and Hov , O . 1987 . Calculation of trends in the tropospheric concentration of 03, OH, CO, CH4 and NO„ . Tellus 39B , 271 285 .
  30. Johansson , C . 1989 . Fluxes of NO above soil and vegetation. In: Exchange of trace gases between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere (eds. M. O. Andreae and D. S. Schimel ). John Wiley and Sons , 229 246 .
  31. Khalil , M. A. K. and Rasmussen , R. A . 1988 . Carbon monoxide in the Earth's atmosphere: indications of a global increase . Nature 332 , 242 245 .
  32. Kley , D. , Drummond , W. J. , McFarland , M. and Liu , S. C . 1981 . Tropospheric profiles of NO„ . J. Geophys. Res , 86 , 3153 3161 .
  33. Kowalczyk , M. and Bauer , E . 1982 . Lightning as a source of NO in the troposphere . Rep. FAA-EE-82-4. U.S. Dep. of Transp ., Washington , D.C .
  34. Komhyr , W. D. , Oltmans , S. J. , Franchois , P. R. , Evans , W. F. J. and Matthews , W. A . 1989 . TheLatitudinal Distribution of Ozone to 35 km Altitude From ECC Ozonesonde Observations, 1985-1987. In: Ozone in the atmosphere (eds. R. D. Bojkov and P. Fabian ). A. Deepak Publishing,Hampton , Virginia , 147 150 .
  35. Levy , H. II . 1971 . Normal atmosphere : Large radical and formaldehyde concentrations predicted . Science/73 , 141 143 .
  36. Levy, H. II. and Moxim , W. J . 1989 . Simulated global distribution and deposition of reactive nitrogen emitted by fossil fuel combustion . Tellus 41B , 256 271 .
  37. Logan , J. A . 1983 . Nitrogen in the troposphere: Global and regional budgets . J. Geophys. Res . 88 , 10785 10807 .
  38. Logan , J . 1985 . Tropospheric ozone: seasonal behavior, trends and anthropogenic influence. J . Geophys. Res . 90 ( D6 ), 10463 10482 .
  39. Logan , J. A. , Prather , M. J. , Wofsy , S. C. and McElroy , M. B . 1981 . Tropospheric chemistry: A global perspective . J. Geophys. Res . 86 , 7210 7254 .
  40. Marland , G. and Rotty , R. M . 1984 . Carbon Dioxide Emission from Fossil Fuels: A Procedure for Estimation and Results for 1950-1982 . Tellus 36B , 232 261 .
  41. McFarland , M. , Kley , D. , Drummond , J. M. , Schmeltekopf , A. L. and Winkler , R. H . 1979 . Nitric oxide measurements in the equatorial Pacific . Geophys. Res. Let . 6 , 605 608 .
  42. Noxon , J. F . 1976 . Atmospheric nitrogen fixation by lightning . Geophys. Res. Lea . 3 , 463 465 .
  43. Oltmans , S. J. , Komhyr , W. D. , Franchois , P. R. and Matthews , W. A . 1989 . Tropospheric ozone: Variations from surface and ECC ozonesonde observations. In: Ozone in the Atmosphere (eds. D. Bojkov and P . Fabian ). A. Deepak Publ. , Hampton, VA , 539 543 .
  44. Oort , A. H. 1983 . Global Atmospheric Statistics , 1958-1973 , NOAA Professional Paper , Volume 14.
  45. Pemer , D. , Platt , U. , Trainer , M. , Hiibler , G. , Drum-mond , J. W. , Junkermann , W. , Rudolph , J. , Schubert , B. , Volz , A. , Ehhalt , D. H. , Rumpel , K. J. and Helas , G . 1989 . Tropospheric OH concentrations: a comparison of field data with model predictions . J. Atmos. Chem . 5 , 185 216 .
  46. Platt , U. , Rateike , M. , Junkermann , W. , Rudolph , J. and Ehhalt , D. H . 1988 . New tropospheric OH measurements . J. Geophys. Res . 93 , 5159 5166 .
  47. Prinn , R. , Cunnold , D. , Rasmussen , R. , Simmonds , P. , Alyea , F. , Crawford , A. , Fraser , P. and Rosen , R . 1987 . Atmospheric trends in methylchloroform and the global average for the hydroxyl radical . Science 238 , 945 950 .
  48. Rasmussen , R. A . ad Khalil, M. A. K. 1984. Atmospheric methane in the recent and ancient atmospheres: concentrations, trends and interhemispheric gradient . J. Geophys. Res . 89 , 11599 1 1605 .
  49. Rodhe , H. and Isaksen , I. S. A . 1980 . Global distribution of sulphur compounds in the troposphere estimated in a height/latitude transport model . J. Geophys. Res . 89 , 7401 7409 .
  50. Seiler , W . 1974 . The cycle of atmospheric CO . Tellus 26 , 116 135 .
  51. Spivakovsky , C. M. , Yevich , R. , Logan , J. A. , Wofsy , S. C. and McElroy , M. B . 1990 . Tropospheric OH in a three-dimensional chemical tracer model: An assessment based on observations of CH3CC13 . J. Geophys. Res . 95 , 18441 18471 .
  52. Stauffer , B. R. and Neftel , A . 1988 . What have we learned from the ice cores about the atmospheric changes in the concentrations of nitrous oxide , hydrogen peroxide and other trace species? In: The changing atmosphere (eds. F. S. Rowland and I. S. A. Isaksen ). John Wiley & Sons , 63 77 .
  53. Steele , L. P. , Fraser , P. J. , Rasmussen , R. A. , Khalil , M. A. K. , Conway , T. J. , Crawford , A. J. , Gammon , R. H. , Masarie , K. A. and Thoning , K. W . 1987 . The global distribution of methane in the troposphere . J. Atmos. Chem . 5 , 125 171 .
  54. Turman , B. N. and Edgar , B. C . 1982 . Global Lightning Distribution at Dawn and Dusk . J. Geophys. Res . 87 , 1191 1206 .
  55. Valentin , K . 1991 . Numerical modeling of climatic and anthropogenic influences on global atmospheric chemistry since the last glacial maximum, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Mainz, Germany, 238 p.
  56. Volz , A. and Kley , K . 1988 . Ozone measurements made in the 19th century: an evaluation of the Montsouris series . Nature 332 , 240 242 .
  57. World Resources Institute 1990. World resources 1990-91 , Oxford University Press , Oxford.
  58. Zander , R. , Demoulin , Ph. , Ehhalt , D. H. , Schmidt , U. and Rinsland , C. P . 1989a . Secular increase of the total vertical column abundance of carbon monoxide above Central Europe since 1950 . J. Geophys. Res . 94 , 11021 11028 .
  59. Zander , R. , Demoulin , Ph. , Ehhalt , D. H. and Schmidt , U . 1989b . Secular increase in the vertical column abundance of methane derived from IR solar spectra recorded at the Jungfraujoch station . J. Geophys. Res . 94 , 11029 11039 .
  60. Zimmerman , P. R. , Chatfield , R. B. , Fishman , J. , Crutzen , P. J. and Hanst , P. L . 1978 . Estimates on the production of CO and H2 from the oxidation of hydrocarbon emissions from vegetation . Geophys. Res. Lett . 5 , 679 682 .
  61. Zimmermann , P. H . 1984 . Ein dreidimensionales numerisches Transportmodell ffir atmosphdrische Spurenstoffe, (in German) Dissertation, University of Mainz, F . R.G . 163 p .
  62. Zimmermann , P. H. , Feichter , J. , Rath , H. K. , Crutzen , P. J. and Weiss , W . 1989 . A global three-dimensional source-receptor model investigation using “Kr . Atmos. Environ . 23 , 25 35 .
Language: English
Page range: 136 - 151
Submitted on: Oct 27, 1990
Accepted on: Mar 28, 1991
Published on: Jan 1, 1991
Published by: Stockholm University Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 1991 Paul J. Crutzen, Peter H. Zimmermann, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.