The role of synoptic/planetary-scale interactions during the development of a blocking anticyclone
By: Chih-Hua Tsou and Phillip J. Smith
References
-
Arakawa
, A. 1972. Design of the UCLA general circu-lation model. Tech. Rept. No. 7,, 116pp. -
Austin
, J. F. 1980. The blocking of middle latitude westerly winds by planetary waves. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 106, 327– 350. -
Baker
, W. E. 1983. Objective analysis and assimilation of observational data from FGGE. Mon. Wea. Rev. 111, 328– 342. -
Barnes
, S. L. 1964. A technique for maximizing details in numerical weather map analysis. J. Appl. Meteor. 3, 396– 409. -
Blackmon
, M. L., Wallace, J. M., Lau, N.-C.and Mullen, S. L. 1977. An observational study of the Northern Hemisphere wintertime circulation. J. Atmos. Sci. 34, 1040– 1053. -
Blackmon
, M. L.and White, G. H. 1982. Zonal wavenumber characteristics of Northern Hemisphere transient eddies. J. Atmos. Sci. 39, 1985– 1998. -
Cehelsky
, P.and Tung, K. K. 1987. Theories of multiple equilibria and weather regimes-A critical reexamination. Part II: Baroclinic two-layer models. J. Atmos. Sci. 44, 3282– 3303. -
Charney
, J. G.and DeVore, J. G. 1979. Multiple-flowequilibria in the atmosphere and blocking. J.c.Sci. 36, 1157– 1176. -
Charney
, J. G.and Straus, D. M.. Form-drag instability, multiple equilibria and propagating plan-etary waves in baroclinic, orographically forced plan-etary wave systems. J. Atmos. Sci. 37, 1157– 1176. -
Charney
, J. G., Shukla, J.and Mo, K. C. 1981. Comparison of a barotropic blocking theory with observation. J. Atmos. Sci. 30, 762– 779. -
Colucci
, S. J. 1987. Comparative diagnosis of block-ing versus nonblocking planetary-scale circulation changes during synoptic-scale cyclogenesis. J. Atmos. Sci. 44, 124– 139. -
Cressman
, G. 1959. An operational objective analysis system. Mon. Wea. Rev. 87, 367– 374. -
Egger
, J. 1978. Dynamics of blocking highs. J. Atmos. Sci. 35, 1788– 1801. -
Frederiksen
, J. S. 1983. A unified three-dimensional instability theory of the onset of blocking and cyclogenesis. II. Teleconnection patterns. J. Atmos. Sci. 40, 2593– 2609. -
Gall
, R., Blakeslee, R.and Somerville, R. C. J. 1979. Cyclone-scale forcing of ultralong waves. J. Atmos. Sci. 36, 1692– 1698. -
Green
, J. S. A. 1977. The weather during July 1976: Some dynamic considerations of the drought. Weather, 120– 126. -
Hansen
, A. R. 1986. Observational characteristics of atmospheric planetary waves with bimodal ampli-tude distribution. Adv. Geophys. 29, 101– 133. -
Hansen
, A. R.and Chen, T.-C. 1982. A spectral energetics analysis of atmospheric blocking. Mon. Wea. Rev. 110, 1146– 1165. -
Hayashi
, Y.and Golder, D. G. 1987. Effects of wave-wave and wave-mean flow interactions on the growth and maintenance of transient planetary waves in the presence of a mean thermal restoring force. J. Atmos. Sci. 44, 3392– 3401. -
Holopainen
, E.and Fortelius, C. 1987. High frequency transient eddies and blocking. J. Atmos. Sci. 44, 1632– 1645. -
Illari
, L. 1984. A diagnostic study of the potential vorticity in a warm blocking anticyclone. J. Atmos. Sci. 41, 3518– 3526. -
Kalnay
, E., Balgovind, R., Chao, W., Edelmann, D., Pfaendtner, J., Takacs, L.and Takano, K. 1983. Documentation of the GLAS fourth order general, .1-,-a1ation model. Vol. I, Goddara Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD. -
Kalnay-Rivas
, E., Bayliss, A.and Storch, J. 1977. The 4th order GISS model of the global atmosphere. Beitr. Phys. Atmos. 50, 299– 311. -
Lau
, N.-C.and Holopainen, E. O.. 41, 313– 328. -
Lejen&s
, H.and økland, H., 350– 362. -
Mullen
, S. L. 1987. Transient eddy forcing of blocking flow. J. Atmos. Sci. 44, 3– 22. -
Pauley
, P. M.and Smith, P. J. 1988. Direct and indirect effects of latent heat release on a synoptic-scale wave system. Mon. Wea. Rev. 166, 1209– 1235. -
Rex
, D. F. 1950. Blocking action in the middle tropo-sphere and its effect upon regional climate. II. The climatology of blocking action. Tellus, 275– 301. -
Shutts
, G. J. 1983. The propagation of eddies in diffluent jet streams: Eddy vorticity forcing of blocking flow fields. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 109, 737– 761. -
Smith
, P. J.and Tsou, C.-H. 1988. Static stability variations during the development of an intense extratropical cyclone. Mon. Wea. Rev. 116, 1245– 1250. -
Sutera
, A. 1986. Probability density distribution of large-scale atmospheric flow. Adv. Geophys. 29, 227– 249. -
Thompson
, P. D. 1957. A heuristic theory of large-scaleturbulence and long-period velocity variations in barotropic flow. Tellus, 69– 91. -
Tsou
, C.-H., Smith, P. J.and Pauley, P. M. 1987. A comparison of adiabatic and diabatic forcing in an intense extratropical cyclone system. Mon. Wea. Rev. 115, 763– 786. -
Tung
, K. K.and Rosenthal, A. J. 1985. Theories of multiple equilibria-A critical reexamination. Part I: Barotropic models. J. Atmos. Sci. 42, 2804– 2819. -
White
, W. B.and Clark, N. E. 1975. On the develop-ment of blocking ridge activity over the central North Pacific. J. Atmos. Sci. 32, 489– 502.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v42i1.11869 | Journal eISSN: 3035-9554
Language: English
Page range: 174 - 193
Submitted on: Sep 5, 1988
Accepted on: Dec 20, 1988
Published on: Jan 1, 1990
Published by: Stockholm University Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
© 1990 Chih-Hua Tsou, Phillip J. Smith, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.