The extra-tropical atmospheric response to El Niño events-a multivariate significance analysis
By: Hans von Storch and Harald A. Kruse
References
-
Arkin
, P. A., Kopman, J. D.and Reynolds, R. W. 1983. Event quick look atlas: 1982-1983 El Nhio/southern oscillation. November 1983 NOAA/National Weather Service, Num. Mod. Centre, Washington D.C. 20233. -
Barnett
, T. P., Preisendorfer, R. W., Goldstein, L. M.and Hasselmann, K. 1981. Significance tests for regression model hierarchies. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 11, 1150– 1154. -
Blackmon
, M. L., Geisler, J. E.and Pitcher, E. J. 1983. A general circulation model study of January climate anomaly patterns associated with interannual variations of equatorial Pacific sea surface tem-peratures. J. Atmos. Sci. 40, 1410– 1425. -
Cane
, M. A. 1983. Oceanographic events during El Nhio. Science, 1189– 1194. -
Chen
, W. Y. 1983. The climate of Spring 1983—a season with persistent global anomalies associated with El Nino. Mon. Wea. Rev. 111, 2371– 2384. -
Chervin
, R. M., Gates, W. L.and Schneider, S. H. 1974. The effect of time averaging on the noise level of climatological statistics generated by atmospheric general circulation models. J. Atmos. Sci. 31, 2216– 2219. -
Chervin
, R. M.and Schneider, S. H. 1976a. A study of the response of NCAR GCM climatological statistics to random perturbations: estimating noise levels. J. Atmos. Sci. 33, 391– 404. -
Chervin
, R. M.and Schneider, S. H. 1976b. On determining the statistical significance of climate experiments with general circulation models. J. A tmos. Sci. 33, 405– 412. -
Chiu
, W. C., Lo, A. Weiderand Fulker, D.. A study of the possible relationship between the tropical Pacific sea surface temperature and atmo-spheric circulation. Mon. Wea. Rev. 109, 1013– 1020. -
Conover
, W. J. 1971. Practical nonparametric statistics . Wiley, New York London Sydney Toronto. -
Cubasch
, U. 1983. The response of the ECMWF global model to the El-Nifio anomaly in extended range prediction experiments. Technical Report 38, Euro-pean Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast, Reading, Berkshire, UK. -
Deque
, M.and Royer, J. F. 1984. A general circulation model simulation of the atmospheric response to the January 1983 El Nifio. Tropical Ocean-Atmos. NewsL, 2– 4. -
Hannoschöck
, G. 1984. A multivariate signal-to-noise analysis of the response of an atmospheric circulation model to SST anomalies. Hamburger Geo-physikalische Einzelschriften, A67 (Meteorologisches Institut der Universität Hamburg, Bundesstr. 55,2000 Hamburg 13, FR Germany). -
Hasselmann
, K. 1979a. Linear statistical models. Dyn. Atmos. Ocean. 3, 501– 521. -
Hasselmann
, K. 1979b. On the signal-to-noise problem in atmospheric response studies. Meteorology of Tropical Oceans. Roy. Met. Soc., 251– 258. -
Hayashi
, Y. 1982. Confidence intervals of a climatic signal. J. Atmos. Sci. 39, 1895– 1905. -
Kiladis
, G.and Diaz, H. F. 1984. A comparison of the 1982-83 and 1877-78 ENSO events. Tropical Ocean-A tmos. NewsL, 7– 9. -
Krueger
, A. F. 1983. The climate of Autumn 1982, with a discussion of the major tropical Pacific anomaly. Mon. Wea. Rev. 111, 1103– 1118. -
Leith
, C. E. 1972. The standard error of time average estimates of climatic means. J. AppL MeteoroL, 1066– 1069. -
Livezey
, R. E. 1983. Statistical analysis of general circulation model climate simulation, sensitivity and prediction experiments. Proc. II International Meeting on Statistical Climatology, September 26-30, 1983. Lisboa, Portugal, Institut° de Meteorologica e Geofisica, Rua C. Aeroporto, 1700 Lisboa. -
Livezey
, R. E.and Chen, W. Y. 1983. Statistical field significance and its determination by Monte Carlo techniques. Mon. Wea. Rev. 111, 46– 59. -
O'Brien
, J. J. 1978. El Nirio—an example of ocean-atmosphere interactions. Oceanus, 40– 46. -
Preisendorfer
, R. W.and Barnett, T. P. 1983. Numerical model—reality intercomparison tests using small sample statistics. J. Atmos. Sci. 40, 1884– 1896. -
Quiroz
, R. S. 1983. The climate of the ‘El Nifto’ winter of 1982/83—a season of extraordinary climate anomalies. Mon. Wea. Rev. 111, 1685– 1706. -
Rasmusson
, E.and Carpenter, T. 1981. Variations in tropical SST and surface wind fields associated with the southern oscillation/El Niiio. Mon. Wea. Rev. 110, 354– 384. -
Shukla
, J.and Wallace, J. M. 1983. Numerical simulation of the atmospheric response to equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies. J. Atmos. Sci. 40, 1613– 1630. -
Storch
, H.v . 1982. A remark on Chervin-Schneider's algo-rithm to text significance. J. Atmos. Sci. 39, 187– 189. -
Storch
, H.v . 1983. Statistical aspects of empirical orthogonal functions based on small sample sizes. Proc. II International Meeting on Statistical Climatology, September 26-30, 1983, Lisboa, Por-tugal, Institut° de Meteorologica e Geofisica, Rua C. Aeroporto, 1700 Lisboa. -
Storch
, H.v . 1984. An accidental result: the mean 1983 January 500 mb height field significantly different .from its 1967-81 predecessors. Beitr. Phys. Atmos. 57, 440– 444. -
Storch
, H.v.and Roeckner, E.. Methods for the verification of general circulation models applied to the Hamburg University GCM. Part I: test of individual climate states. Mon. Wea. Rev. 111, 1965– 76. -
Storch
, H.v.and Roeckner, E.. On the verification of January GCM simulations. Proc. II International Meeting on Statistical Climatology, September 26-30, 1983, Lisboa, Portugal, Institut° de Meteorologica e Geofisica, Rua C. Aeroporto, 1700 Lisboa. -
Veysseire
, J.-M. 1983. A study of the statistical signi-ficance of the response of a spectral general circulation model to a modification of solar radiation. Proc. II International Meeting on Statistical Climatology, September 26-30, 1983, Lisboa, Portugal, Instituto de Meteorologica e Geofisica, Rua C. Aeroporto, 1700 Lisboa. -
Wagner
, A. J. 1983. The climate of Summer 1982. A season with increasingly anomalous circulation over the equatorial Pacific. Mon. Wea. Rev. 111, 590– 601. -
Warshaw
, M.and Rapp, R. R. 1972. An experiment on the sensitivity of a global circulation model. J. Appl. Meteorol. 12, 43– 49. -
Zwiers
, F. W. 1983. Evaluating climate change experi-ments. Proc. II International Meeting on Statistical Climatology, September 26-30, 1983, Lisboa, Por-tugal, Institut° de Meteorological e Geofisica, Rua C. Aeroporto, 1700 Lisboa.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v37i4.11678 | Journal eISSN: 3035-9554
Language: English
Page range: 361 - 377
Submitted on: Oct 2, 1984
Accepted on: Feb 18, 1985
Published on: Jan 1, 1985
Published by: Stockholm University Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
© 1985 Hans von Storch, Harald A. Kruse, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.