Initialization with the data assimilation method

The initial conditions generated by a data assimilation technique with a general circulation model were evaluated. Two types of dynamic initialization, i.e., “the forward adjustment” and “the forward-backward adjustment”, were tested using the real data produced by the NMC objective analysis. The degree of balance in the initial condition was examined in terms of the smoothness in the development of the rate of precipitation, angular momentum, and kinetic energy during the starting period of the prediction. The quality of the initialization was, however, appraised by the performance of the subsequent prediction. For the forward adjustment, various types of schemes of data insertion were studied with regard to the amount of shock produced and the degree of faithfulness of the injected data. In dealing with forward-backward processes, one difficult problem is how to design a reversible algorithm. An approximate method is presented for maintaining the reversibility in a system which includes kinetic energy dissipation, radiation, and the moist heating. In addition, the question is discussed as to which physical processes of the model must be included for the forward-backward initialization. It is found that the dynamic initialization using the forward-backward data assimilation produces predictions that are, in some ways, better than those from the static or conventional initialization. However, for the forward data assimilation the predictions are consistently worse than those from the static initialization.