Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Nordic Exceptionalism? How Scandinavian Border and Coast Guards Rationalize Their Participation in Frontex Operations Cover

Nordic Exceptionalism? How Scandinavian Border and Coast Guards Rationalize Their Participation in Frontex Operations

By:   
Open Access
|Jan 2025

References

  1. Aas, K.F. and Bosworth, M. (eds). 2013. The borders of punishment: Migration, citizenship, and social exclusion. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Available at: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199669394.001.0001
  2. Aas, K.F. and Gundhus, H.O. 2015. ‘Policing humanitarian borderlands: Frontex, human rights and the precariousness of life’, British Journal of Criminology, 55(1), pp. 118. Available at: 10.1093/bjc/azu086
  3. Aradau, C. 2004. ‘The perverse politics of four-letter words: Risk and pity in the securitization of human trafficking’, Millennium, 33(2), pp. 251277. Available at: 10.1177/03058298040330020101
  4. Arendt, H. 1965/2006. Eichmann in Jerusalem: A report on the banality of evil. London: Penguin Books.
  5. Atkinson, P. 2015. For ethnography. London: Sage.
  6. Balzacq, T. 2005. ‘The three faces of securitization: Political agency, audience and context’, European Journal of International Relations, 11(2), pp. 171201. Available at: 10.1177/1354066105052960
  7. Barigazzi, J. and Lynch, S. 2022. ‘EU border agency chief resigns after critical watchdog probe’, Politico, 29 April. Available at: https://www.politico.eu/article/eu-border-agency-fabrice-leggeri-resigns-watchdog-probe-findings-released-misconduct/ [Last accessed 7 March 2024].
  8. Bevelander, P. and Hellström, A. 2019. ‘Pro-and anti-migrant mobilizations in polarized Sweden’, in A. Rea et al. (eds.). The Refugee reception crisis in Europe. Polarized opinions and mobilizations. Brussels: Éditions de l’Université de Bruxelles. pp. 7594.
  9. Bigo, D. 2002. ‘Security and immigration: Toward a critique of the governmentality of unease’, Alternatives, 27(1), pp. 6392. Available at: 10.1177/03043754020270S105
  10. Bigo, D. 2014. ‘The (in)securitization practices of the three universes of EU border control: Military/navy–border guards/police–database analysts’, Security Dialogue, 45(3), pp. 209225. Available at: 10.1177/0967010614530459
  11. Bigo, D., Bonditti, P. and Olsson, C. 2016. ‘Mapping the European field of security Professionals’, in D. Bigo et al. (eds.). Europe’s 21st Century Challenge. Delivering Liberty. London: Routledge. pp. 4963. Available at: 10.4324/9781315581095-12
  12. Billig, M. 1995. Banal nationalism. London: Sage.
  13. Björling, E. 2022. Heroes, villains & victims–A critical discourse analysis of the Swedish news media’s representation of Frontex. Unpublished thesis (bachelor), Malmö university.
  14. Border Violence Monitoring Network (BVMN). 2020. ‘The black book of pushbacks’, in H. Barker and M. Zajovic (eds), Commissioned by GUE/NGL. vol. 1. Brussels: European Parliamentary Group.
  15. Borrelli, L.M. 2018. ‘Using ignorance as (un)conscious bureaucratic strategy: Street-level practices and structural influences in the field of migration enforcement’, Qualitative Studies, 5(2), pp. 95109. Available at: 10.7146/qs.v5i2.104421
  16. Borrelli, L.M. 2022. ‘Should (s)he stay or should (s)he go?–Street-level suspicion and the construction of the ‘(un) deserving migrant’’, Geopolitics, 27(4), pp. 10931116. Available at: 10.1080/14650045.2020.1814257
  17. Borrelli, L.M. and Lindberg, A. 2018. ‘The creativity of coping: Alternative tales of moral dilemmas among migration control officers’, International Journal of Migration and Border Studies, 4(3), pp. 163178. Available at: 10.1504/IJMBS.2018.093876
  18. Buzan, B., Wæver, O. and de Wilde, J. 1998. Security: A new framework for analysis. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Available at: 10.1515/9781685853808
  19. Campesi, G. 2022. Policing mobility regimes: Frontex and the production of the European borderscape. London: Routledge. Available at: 10.4324/9780429291548
  20. Christides, G. and Lüdke, S. 2022. Breaking laws at the borders: Why DER SPIEGEL is publishing the EU investigative report on pushbacks. Der Spiegel, 13 October. Available at: https://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/why-der-spiegel-is-publishing-the-euinvestigative-report-on-pushbacks-a-5218398a-5c1e-414e-a477-b26515353fce?sara_ref=re-xx-cp-sh [Last accessed 8 March 2024].
  21. Christides, G., van Dijken, K., Lüdke, S. and Popp, M. 2021. Missteps and mismanagement at Frontex: Scandals plunge Europe’s border agency into turmoil. Der Spiegel, 5 February. Available at: https://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/missteps-and-mismanagement-at-frontexscandals-plunge-europe-s-border-agency-into-turmoil-a-d11ae404-5fd4-41a7-b127eca47a00753f?sara_ref=re-xx-cp-sh [Last accessed 8 March 2024].
  22. Côté, A. 2016. ‘Agents without agency: Assessing the role of the audience in securitization theory’, Security Dialogue, 47(6), pp. 541558. Available at: 10.1177/0967010616672150
  23. Crewe, B., Ievins, A., Larmour, S., Laursen, J., Mjåland, K. and Schliehe, A. 2023. ‘Nordic penal exceptionalism: A comparative, empirical analysis’, The British Journal of Criminology, 63(2), pp. 424443. Available at: 10.1093/bjc/azac013
  24. Davey-Attlee, B., Labropoulou, E., Karadsheh, J., Mezzofiore, G. and Polglase, K. 2023. If they had left us be, we wouldn’t have drowned’: CNN investigation raises questions about Greek coast guard’s account of shipwreck tragedy. CNN, 23 June. Available at: https://edition.cnn.com/2023/06/23/europe/greece-migrant-boat-disaster-investigation-intlcmd/index.html [Last accessed 7 March 2024].
  25. DeBono, D. 2019. ‘Narrating the humanitarian border: Moral deliberations of territorial borderworkers at the EU’s Mediterranean border’, Journal of Mediterranean Studies, 28(1), pp. 5573.
  26. Ekstedt, J. 2023. ‘Bureaucratic configuration and discretion in asylum case processing–The case of the EUAA in Greece’, Comparative Migration Studies, 11(22), pp. 117. Available at: 10.1186/s40878-023-00345-0
  27. Emilsson, H. 2018. ‘Continuity or change? The refugee crisis and the end of Swedish exceptionalism’, MIM Working Paper Series, 18(3), pp. 124. Available at: 10.24834/2043/25232
  28. European Parliament. 2021a. LIBE working group on Frontex scrutiny, 23 June. Available at: https://multimedia.europarl.europa.eu/en/webstreaming/event_20210623-1530-COMMITTEE-LIBE?start=210623133148&end=210623154116&audio=qa [Last accessed 8 March 2024].
  29. European Parliament. 2021b. Report on the fact-finding investigation on Frontex concerning alleged fundamental rights violations, 14 July. LIBE committee. Rapporteur: Tineke Strik. Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/cmsdata/238156/14072021%20Final%20Report%20FSWGen.pdf [Last accessed 8 March 2024].
  30. Follis, K. 2018. ‘Border management in Europe: Europeanisation and its discontents’, In: Weinar, A., Bonjour, S. and Zhyznomirska, L. (eds), The Routledge Handbook of the Politics of Migration in Europe. London: Routledge, pp. 213226. Available at: 10.4324/9781315512853-21
  31. Franko, K. 2019. The crimmigrant other: Migration and penal power. London, UK: Routledge. Available at: 10.4324/9781351001441
  32. Frontex. 2021. Fundamental rights and legal operational aspects of operations in the Aegean Sea. Final report of the Frontex Management Board working group, 1 March. Available at: https://www.frontex.europa.eu/assets/Key_Documents/MB_Documents/Agenda_Point_WGFRaLO_final_report.pdf [Last accessed 8 March 2024].
  33. Gubrium, J.F. and Holstein, J.A. 2001. ‘From the individual interview to the interview society’, in J.F. Gubrium and J.A. Holstein (eds), Handbook of Interview Research. Thousand Oaks: Sage. pp. 232. Available at: 10.4135/9781412973588.n3
  34. Hammersley, M. 2014. ‘On the ethics of interviewing for discourse analysis. Qualitative Research’, 14(5), 529541. Available at: 10.1177/1468794113495039
  35. Horii, S. 2016. ‘The effect of Frontex’s risk analysis on the European border controls’, European Politics and Society, 17(2), 242258. Available at: 10.1080/23745118.2016.1121002
  36. Human Rights Watch. 2011. The EU’s dirty hands. Frontex involvement in ill-treatment of migrant detainees in Greece, September. Available at: https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/greece0911webwcover_0.pdf [Last accessed 8 March 2024].
  37. Kristensen, M.P. 2019. Relocating Europe: Border officials and their everyday attempts to stabilize borders. Unpublished thesis (PhD), Københavns Universitet.
  38. Léonard, S. and Kaunert, C. 2020. ‘The securitisation of migration in the European Union: Frontex and its evolving security practices’, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 48(6), pp. 14171429. Available at: 10.1080/1369183X.2020.1851469
  39. Lipsky, M. 2010. Street-level bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the individual in public service. 30th ed. New York: The Russell Sage Foundation.
  40. Moreno-Lax, V. 2017. Accessing asylum in Europe: Extraterritorial border controls and refugee rights under EU law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Available at: 10.1093/oso/9780198701002.001.0001
  41. Pallister-Wilkins, P. 2015a. The humanitarian policing of ‘our sea’. Border Criminologies, 20 April. Available at: https://blogs.law.ox.ac.uk/research-subject-groups/centre-criminology/centreborder-criminologies/blog/2015/04/humanitarian [Last accessed 8 March 2024].
  42. Pallister-Wilkins, P. 2015b. The humanitarian politics of European border policing: Frontex and border police in Evros. International Political Sociology, 9(1), pp. 5369. Available at: 10.1111/ips.12076
  43. Parusel, B. 2022. Should they stay or should they go? Frontex’s fundamental rights dilemma. December 2022:22epa, Swedish Institute for European Policy Studies (SIEPS).
  44. Paul, R. 2017. ‘Harmonisation by risk analysis? Frontex and the risk-based governance of European border control’, Journal of European Integration, 39(6), pp. 689706. Available at: 10.1080/07036337.2017.1320553
  45. Perkowski, N., Stierl, M. and Burridge, A. 2023. ‘The evolution of European border governance through crisis: Frontex and the interplay of protracted and acute crisis narratives’, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 41(1), pp. 110129. Available at: 10.1177/02637758231152478
  46. Pratt, J. and Eriksson, A. 2014. Contrasts in punishment: An explanation of Anglophone excess and Nordic exceptionalism. London: Routledge. Available at: 10.4324/9780203096116
  47. Regeringskansliet. 2003. Lag (2003:460) om etikprövning av forskning som avser människor (SFS nr: 2003:460). Stockholm: Utbildningsdepartementet.
  48. Shachar, A. 2020. ‘Lead essay’, in A. Shachar (ed), The Shifting Border: Legal Cartographies of Migration and Mobility. Ayelet Shachar in Dialogue. Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 196.
  49. van der Woude, M., Barker, V. and van der Leun, J. 2017. ‘Crimmigration in Europe’, European Journal of Criminology, 14(1), pp. 36. Available at: 10.1177/1477370816639814
  50. Vandevoordt, R. 2018. ‘Judgement and ambivalence in migration work: On the (dis)appearance of dilemmas in assisting voluntary return’, Sociology, 52(2), pp. 282297. Available at: 10.1177/0038038516656318
  51. Waerp, E. 2024. The age of Frontex: Banal securitization and its normalization in European external(ized) border control. PhD thesis, Malmö university. Available at: https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-66709 [Last accessed 24 August 2024].
  52. Waters, N., Freudenthal, E. and Williams, L. 2020. Frontex at fault: European border force complicit in ‘illegal’ pushbacks. Bellingcat, 23 October. Available at: https://www.bellingcat.com/news/2020/10/23/frontex-at-fault-european-border-force-complicit-in-illegal-pushbacks/ [Last accessed 8 March 2024].
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33134/njmr.855 | Journal eISSN: 1799-649X
Language: English
Page range: 7 - 7
Submitted on: Mar 10, 2024
Accepted on: Aug 30, 2024
Published on: Jan 22, 2025
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 2025 Eline Waerp, published by Helsinki University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.